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Lownon

Srornewoonss and Smaw,
‘New-street- Square.

RIBS PALACE (KOUYUNJIK)

—

Works by the same Author.

A SECOND SERIES OF THE MONUMENTS. OF. NINEVER,.
Mustrating Ma. Laxann’s

on the spot, ing to the Wart and Baplattse¢ Benoacheris”
Pollo, 10k toe. Phas Day.) ape e

Lately Published,
NINEVEH AND ITS REMAINS; 4 p Nabe rive: or «4 First

Rarepirion ro Nivgexw: with an Account of

tive Chaldean Chittiaoe of Kur
See cae ele Der onphipper and om Roger atthe tates
Bron tad mine

THE MONUMENTS OF NINEVEH, illustrating Me. Lararv’s

First Expedition to Auris, from Drawings made on the spot. 100 Flies. Folio,

A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. Arranged | by Ma
‘Lavaap for general circulation. 14th Thousand. Woodeuts.

THE RIGHT HONORABLE

THE EARL GRANVILLE

Dis olame is dedicaten,
IN ADMIRATION OF HIS PUBLIC CHARACTER,

AND AS A GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF MANY ACTS OF

PERSONAL FRIENDSHIP.

PREFACE,

Many unavoidable delays have prevented the earlier pub-
lication of this volume. I can no longer appeal, as in
the preface of my former work, to the indulgence of my
readers on the score of complete literary inexperience;
but I can express heartfelt gratitude for the kind and
generous reception given, both by the press and the public,
to my first labors. I will merely add, that the following
pages were written at different periods, and amidst nu-
merous interruptions but little favorable to literary occu-
pations. This must be my apology, to a certain extent,
for the many defects they contain.

Since the publication of my first work on the discoveries
at Nineveh much progress has been made in deciphering
the cuneiform character, and the contents of many highly
interesting and important inscriptions have been given to
the public. For these additions to our knowledge we are
mainly indebted to the sagacity and learning of two
English scholars, Col. Rawlinson and the Rev. Dr. Hincks.
In making use of the results of their researches, I have not
omitted to own the sources from which my information
has been derived. I trust, also, that I have in no in-

viii PREFACE.

stance availed myself of the labors of other writers, or of
the help of friends, without due acknowledgments. I have
endeavored to assign to every one his proper share in
the discoveries recorded in these pages.

T am aware that several distinguished French scholars,
amongst whom I may mention my friends, M. Botta and
M. de Saulcy, have contributed to the successful decipher-
ing of the Assyrian inscriptions. Unfortunately I have
been unable to consult the published results of their inves-
tigations. If, therefore, I should have overlooked in any
instance their claims to prior discovery, 1 have to express
my regret for an error arising from ignorance, and not
from any unworthy national prejudice.

_ Doubts appear to be still entertained by many eminent
critics as to the progress actually made in deciphering the ~
cuneiform writing. These doubts may have been con-
firmed by too hasty theories and conclusions, which, on
subsequent investigation, their authors have been the first
to withdraw. But the unbiassed inquirer can scarcely
now reject the evidence which can be brought forward to
confirm the general accuracy of the interpretations of the
inscriptions. Had they rested upon a single word, or an
isolated paragraph, their soundness might reasonably have
been questioned ; when, however, several independent in-
vestigators have arrived at the same results, and have not
only detected numerous names of persons, nations, and
cities in historical and geographical series, but have found
them mentioned in proper connection with events recorded
by sacred and profane writers, scarcely any stronger

PREFACE. ix

evidence could be desired. The reader, I would fain hope,
will come to this conclusion when I treat of the con-
tents of the various records discovered in the Assyrian
palaces.

I have endeavored to introduce into these pages as
many illustrations from the sculptures as my limits
would admit. Ihave been obliged to include the larger
and more elaborate drawings of the bas-reliefs in a folio
volume, which will form a second series of the Monuments
of Nineveh, and will be published at the same time as the
present work.

I trust it may not be inferred from any remark I
have been induced to make in the following pages, that
I have any grounds of personal complaint against the
“Trustees of the British Museum. From them I have ex-
perienced uniform courtesy and kindness, which I take
this opportunity of acknowledging with gratitude; but I
cannot, at the same time, forbear expressing @ wish, felt in
common with myself by many who have the advancement
of national education, knowledge, and taste sincerely at
heart, that that great establishment, so eminently calcu-
lated to promote this important end, should be speedily
placed upon a new and more efficient basis.

To Mr. Thomas Ellis, who has enabled me to add to
my work translations of inscriptions on Babylonian
bowls, now for the first time, through his sagacity,
deciphered; to those who have assisted me in my
labors, and espécially to my friend and companion, Mr.
Hormuzd Rassam, to the Rev. Dr. Hincks, to the Rev.

x PREFACE.

S. C. Malan, who has kindly allowed me the use of his
masterly sketches, to Mr. Fergusson, Mr. Scharf, and to
Mr. Hawkins, Mr. Birch, Mr. Vaux, and the other officers

of the British Museum, I beg to express my grateful thanks

and acknowledgments.

London, January, 1853.

CONTENTS,

CHAPTER I.

The Trustees of the British Museum resume Excavations at Nineveh. — De-
parture from Constantinople. — Description of our Party. — Cawal Yusuf.
— Roads from Trebizond to Erzeroom. — Description of the Country. —
Varzahan and Armenian Churches. — Erzeroom. — Reshid Pasha. — The
Dudjook Tribes, — Shahan Bey. — Turkish Reform.— Journey through
Armenia. — An Armenian Bishop. — The Lakes of Shaila and Nasik, —
The Lake of Wan - - - Pagel

CHAP. Il.

The Lake of Wan.— Akblat.— Tatar Tombs, — Ancient Remains. — A
Dervish. — A Friend. — The Mudir.— Armenian Remains, — An Ar-
menian Convent and Bishop. — Journey to Bitlis. — Nimroud Dagh.

itlis. — Journey to Kherzan, — Yezidi Village - .

CHAP. Ill.

Reception by the Yesidis — Village of Guselder.— Triumphal March to
Redwan, — Redwan, — Armenian Church. — Mirza Agha. — The Melek
Taous, or Brazen Bird. — Tilleh. — Valley of the Tigris. — Bas-reliefs.
—Journey to Dereboun — to Semil. — Abde Agha. — Journey to Mosul.
= The Yeridi Chiefs. — Arrival at Mosal. — Xenophon’s March from the
Zab to the Black Sen = - 2 - - 42

CHAP. Iv.

State of the Excavations on my Return to Mosul.— Discoveries at Kou-
yunjik.— Tunnels in the Mound, — Bas-reliefs representing Assyrian
Conquests. — A Well. — Siege of a City. — Nature of Sculptures at Kou-
yunjik. — Arrangements for Renewal of Excavations. — Description of
Mound, — Kiamil Pasha. — Visit to Sheikh Adi, — Yezidi Ceremonies.—
Sheikh Jindi.— Yezidi Meeting. — Dress of the Women, — Bav
Ceremony of the Kaidi, — Sacred Poem of the Yezidi, — Their Doctrines.
— Jerraiyeh, — Return to Mosul - - - - 66

CONTENTS.

CHAP. V.

Renewal of Excavations at Kouyunjik. — First Visit to Nimroud. — State of
"Ruins. — Renew Excavations in Mound. — he Abou Salman Arabs. —
Visit of Colonel Rawlinson. — Latiff Agha. — Mr. H. Rassam. — The
Jebour Workmen at Kouyunjik. — Discoveries at Kouyanjik. — Sculp-
tures representing moving of great Stones and Winged Bulls, — Methods
adopted. — Similar Subject on Egyptian Monument. — Epigraphs on
Bas-reliefs of moving Bulls. — Sculptures representing invasion of Moun-
tainous Country, and Sack of City. — Discovery of Gateway. — Excavation
in high Conical Mound at Nimroud. — Discovery of Wall of Stone. —
Feast to the Yezidis at Mosul. — Visit to Khorsabad. — Discovery of

Slab. — State of the Ruins. — Futhliyah. —- Baazani. — Baasheikhah
Page 96

CHAP. VI.

Discovery of Grand Entrance to the Palace of Kouyunjik —of the Name of
Sennacherib in the Inscriptions. — The Records of that King in the In-
scriptions on the Bulls. — An abridged Translation of them. — Name of
Hezekiah. — Account of Sennacherib’s Wars with the Jews. — Dr. Hincks
and Col. Rawlinson. — The Names of Sargon and Shalmaneser. — Di
covery of Sculptures at Kouyunjik, representing the Siege of Lachish. —
Description of the Sculptures. — Discovery of Clay Seals —of Signets of
Egyptian and Assyrian Kings. — Cartouche of Sabaco. — Name of Essar-
Jusddon. — Confirmation of Historical Records of the Bible. — Royal
Cylinder of Sennacherib - z ~ 135

CHAP. VII.

Road opened for Removal of Winged Lions. — Discovery of Vaulted’ Drain
—of other Arches — of Painted Bricks, — Attack of the Tai on the
Village of Nimroud. — Visit to the Howar, — Description of the Encamp-
ment of the Tai.— The Plain of Shomamok. — Sheikh Faras. — Wali
Bey. — Return to Nimroud - - - - - 162

CHAP. VIII.

Contents of newly-discovered Chamber.— A Well. — Large Copper Cal-
drons, — Bells, Rings, and other Objects in Metal. — Tripods. — Caldrons
and large Vessels. — Bronze Bowls, Cups, and Dishes. — Description of
the Embossings upon them. — Arms and Armour. — Shields. — Iron In-
struments, — Ivory Remains. — Bronze Cubes inlaid with Gold. — Glass
Bowls. — Lens. — The Royal Throne - - - 176

CHAP. IX.

Visit to the Winged Lions by Night. — The Bitumen Springs. — Removal
of the Winged Lions to the River.— Floods at Nimroud— Loss and

CONTENTS. xiii

Recovery of Lion. —Yezidi Marriage Festival. — Baazani, — Visit to
Ravian. — Site of the Battle of ree roe
— Inscriptions. — The Shabbaks - = Page 201

CHAP. X.

Visit to Kalah Sherghat prevented. — Visit to Shomamok, — Keshaf, —
‘The Howar. — A Bedouin. — His Mission. — Descent of Arab Horses, —
Their Pedigree. — Ruins of Mokhamour, — The Mound of the Kasr.—
Plain of Shomamok.—The Gla or Kalah.— Xenophon and the Ten
‘Thousand. —A Wolf. — Return to Nimroud and Mowul. — Discoveries at
Kouyunjik. — Description of the Bas-reliefs = - - 218

CHAP. XI.

Preparations for » Journey to the Khabour, — Sculptures discovered there.
— Sheikh Suttam. — His Rediffi— Departure from Mosul. — First En=
campment, — Abou Khameera. — A Storm. — Tel Ermah, —A ¥
— Tel Jemal. — The Chief of Tel Afer, —A Sunset in the Desert. — A
Jebour Encampment. — The Belled Sinjar,——The Sinjar Hill. — Mir-
kan, — Bukra, —The Dress of the Yezidis, — The Shomal. — Ossofa.—
Aldina. — Return to the Belled.—A Snake-Charmer. — Journey con-
tinued in the Desert, — Rishwan. — Encampment of the Boraij,— Dress
of Arab Woiien. — Rathaiyah, — Hawking. — A Deyutation from the
Yesidis. —Arab beatae =e Khabour. — Mohammed Entin.—

Arrival at Arban - = - 236

CHAP. XIL

Arban,—Our Encampment. —Sattum and Mobammed Emin. — Winged
Bulls discovered. — Excavations commenced. — Their Results, — Dis.
covery of Small Objects—of Second Pair of Winged Bulls — of Lion
Ft Chine Boule — of Vase —of Bgyplian Searabe — of Tombs, —
‘The Scene of the Captivity = 972

CHAP. XIIL

Residence at Arban.— Mohammed Emin's ‘Tent, — The Agaydat, —Our
‘Tents, — Bread-baking- — Food of the Bedouins, — Thin Bread. — The
Produce of their Flocks. — Diseases amongst them, it
‘The Deloul or Dromedary.— Bedouin. War
— A Storm. — Turtles. — Lions. — A Bedouin Robber, — Beavers. —

‘A plundering Expedition. — Loes of n Hawk.

ani.— A Tradition, — Jebours strike their Tents. —

Return to Arban. — Visit to Moghamis ~ - - = 285

CHAP, XIV.

Leave Arban.—The Banks ~ — Artificial Mounds, — Mij-
well. — The Cadi of the ‘Thar or Blood-Revenge. —

|
}

Caution of Arabs. —A natural Cayern,— An extinct Volcano, —

ope at Use Toe Tait gporyraenn

Pa cape t im I — ‘urkish Irregular Cav: — Mound

‘Mijdel. — Ruins on the Khabour.— Mohammed Einin leaves us. — Vis

. to Kurdish Tents and Harem. ae Milli Kurds. — The Family of
‘The Dakheel. — Bedouin

Departure from the Khabour. — Arab Sagacity. — The Hol. — The Lake
of Khatouniyah. — Return of Suttum. — Encampment, of dia Bacal
© arab Horesr—their Breeds thelr Value—their Speed.—Sheikh Ferhans
—Yezidi Villages. —Faleons.— An Alarm, — Abou Maria, — Baki Mosul.
— Arrival at Mosul. — Return of Suttum to the Desert - > 382

CHAP, XVI.

ere se eye Procession of Figures bearing Fruit and Game.

—Locusts. —Led Horses. — An Assyrian Campaign. — Dagon, or the

Fish-God.— The Chambers of Necords, — Inscribed Clay Tablets, —
(eh ee tee Effects of the Flood,-—Discoveries, —Small T'

under high Mound.— The Evil Spirit. — Fish-God. — Fine

of the King. — Extracts from the Inscription, —Great inscribed Monolith,

—Extracts from the Inscription. —Cedar Beams. — Small Objects. —

—Second Temple. — Marble Figure and other Objects - - 337

CHAP. XVIL

‘The Summer. — Encampment at Kouyunjik. — Visitors. — Mode of Life. —
‘Departure for the Mountains. — Akra, — Rock-'t'ablets at Gunduk, — Dis-
2h of as —Namet Sect District of Shirwan — of Baradost —

of Gherdi—of Shemdina, — Mousa Bey. — Nestorian Bishop. — Con-
vent of Mar Hananisho, — District and Plain of Ghaour. — Dieea, — An
Albanian Friend. — Bash-Kalah, —Ixzet Pasha. —A Jewish Encamp-
‘ment. — High Mountain Pass. — Mahmoudiyah, — First View of Wan
363

CHAP. XVIII.

Mchemet Pasha, — Description of Wan.— It History.— Improvement in
‘its Condition, —The Armenian Bishop. —The Cuneiform Inscriptions. —
‘The Caves of Khorkhor.—‘The Meher Kapousi.—A Tradition. — Ob-
‘servations on the Inscriptions. — Table of Kings mentioned in them, — The
Bajram, — An Armenian School, — The American Missions, — Protestant
Movement in Turkey. — Amikh. — The Convent of Yedi Klissia 889

CHAP. XIX,

Leave Wan.— The Armenian Patriarch. —The Island of Akhtamar, — An
Armenian Church. — History of the Convent, — Pass into Mukus. — The

—

CONTENTS. ay

District of Mukus — of Shattak — of Nourdooz, — A Nestorian Village. —
Encampments. — Mount Ararat. — Mar Shamoun, ere ry
of Diz, — Pass into Jelu.— Nestorian District of Jelu.— An ancient

‘Church, — The pisig. = Dil of Baz —of Tkhoma.— Return to
‘Mosul - S 5 4 ~ Page ait

CHAP, XX.

ee epennr bier cau mies Poe ‘of the Sculp-
tures, — Capture of Cities on a great River. King, —
Passage of a River, — Alabaster pedis dr ibes inhabit
ing a Marsh, — Their Wealth, — Chambers with Sculptures belonging to
a new Kin, Description of the Sculptures. —Conquest of the People
of Susiana.— Portrait of the King. —His Guards and Attendants. —
pe tol ar mon pina TS
the Torture. — Artistic Character of the Sculptures. — An Inclined Pas-
sage. — Two small Chambers, — Colossal Figures. — More Sculptures

CHAP, XX1,

tions for leaving Nineveh, — Departure for Babylon, — The Awai. —

of the River, — Tekrit,—The State of the Rivers of Mesopo-
tamia. — Commerce upon them. — Turkish Roads. — The Plain of Dura.
— The Naharwan, — Samarrah, — Kadesia, — Palm Groves, —Kathimain.
— Approach to Baghdad. — The City. —Arrival. — Dr. Ross. — A British
‘Steamer. — Modern Baghdad.— Tel Mohammed. — Departure for Ba-
Jon, — A Persian Prince. — Abde Pasha’s Camp,— Eastern Falconry. —
jawking the Gavel — Approach to Babylon, — The Ruins, — Arrival
at Hillah 3 = 464

CHAP. XXI1.

‘The Chiefs of Hillah,— Present of Lions. — The Son of the Governor. —
Description of the Town. —Zaid.— ‘The Ruins of Babylon. — Changes
in the Course of the Euphrates. — The Walls, — Visit to the Birs Nim-
roud. — Description of the Ruin. — View from it.— Excavations and Dis-
coveries in the Mound of Babel. —In the Mujelibé or Kasr, — ‘The Tree
Athelé — Excavations in the Ruin of Amran. — Bowls, with Inscriptions
Jn Hebrew and Syriac Character, —Tranalaions of the Insriptons, —
‘The Jews of Babylonia - = 486

CHAP. XXIII,

‘State of the Ruins of Babylon. — Cause of the Disappearance of Buildings.—
Nature of original Edifices. — Babylonian Bricks. — The History of
Babylon. — Its Fall. — Its remarkable Position. — Commerce. — Canals
and Roads. — Skill of Babylonians in the Arts. — Engraved Gems. — Cor-

tion of Manners, and consequent Fall of the City.— The Mecca Pil-

q Iba Reshid. — The Gebel Shammar, — Tribes of
— The Mounds of El Hymer—of Anana = 597

CHAP. XXV.

lle cap gece
Tones Wal rien Elie sien lone

4 Kouy'
of Bas-riliefs, — Extent of the Ruins explored, — Bases oe
‘Small Objects. — Roman Coins struck at Nineveh, — Hoard

CHAP. XXVI,

Results of the Discoreries to Chronology and History. — Names of A
Kings in the Inseriptions. —A Date fixed. — The Name of Jebu.
Obelisk King. — The earlier Kings, — Sardanapalus, — His Successo
Fal ‘Tiglath-Pileser, — Sargon, = Sane Essarhaddon.
Kings. — Tables of proper the Cuneiform
racter. — Antiquity of Nineveh — Of the cn of Assyria. — Hlustrations
ipture. — State of Judea and Assyria compared, — Political Con=—

dition of the Empire. — Assyrian Colonies. — Prosperity of the Country.
Rel — Extent of Nineveh. — Assyrian Architecture — Com—
with Jewish. — Palace of Kenyaniik restored, — Platform at
restored. — The Assyrian pase selon - = Dein of
Kouyunjik,— Conclusion - - 6

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Maps and Plates.

NE. Facade and Entrance to Sennacherib’s Palace, restored
Plan I. of excavated Chambers, Kouyunjik - -
Excavations, Kouyunjik - : -
Egyptians moving a Colossus from the Quarries - .
Plan II. of Square Tower and Small Temple - -

Mound of Atban on the Khabour - - -
Encampment on the Khabour - a = =
Lake and Island, Khatouniyah - - a :
Entrance passage, Kouyunjik - . "

Fish-God, Kouyunjik - - 3 = :
Archive Chamber, Kouyunjik - - = 7
Entrance to Temple, Nimroud - Z -

Inscriptions on Bronze Lion-weights, from Nimroud =
Plan III, Platform and Palaces, Nimroud = 3
Map of Assyria, &c. ze -

General Map of Mesopotamia -

Wood-cuts.
Ruined Mosque and Minarets (Erzeroom) -
Ancient Armenian Church st Varzahan 2.
Threshing the Corn in Armenia - - -
Section of Wheel of Armenian Cart - -
Armenian Plough, near Akhlat — - - -
Early Mussulman Tomb at Akhlat - -
Turbeh, or Tomb, of Sultan Baiandour, at Akhlat -
Yezidi Women - e 3 - .
Kardish Women at a Spring 2 - -

+ Frontispiece
to face page 67
» 104

» 1S

» 128

” 2738

» sil

» «826

» $40

» 848

» 845

” 351

» 601

» 658

at the end

Page

- - 1
- - 7
- - 18
- - 2
- - 2
- - 23
- = 8
- - 41
- - 4”

xviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Sheikh Nasr, High Priest of the Yeridix
Yezidi Dance at Sheikh Adi -
Yezidi Cawals- - -
Mound of Nimroud =
‘Head-dress PE Sheers scrnloses %y Arians in eho Bull ga

‘The Melek Taous, or Copper Bes Eee - - -
Sculptured Tablet at Fynyk - - - -
eve: Seal pteres nosy Teel - - - - -
Mosul from the North - - = *
Siibtarriaesn excavations af Noayungik : - - -
amt a 5 Bier ee Many (Keastint} - - - -
Valley and Tomb of Sheikh Adi - - - -

Wild Sow and Young, amongst Reeds (Kouyunjik) - - -

Plan of Northern Entrance to We of Kouyunjik
‘Tunnel along Eastern Basement Wall (Nimroud) =~
Tunnel along Western Basement Wall (Nimroud) =
Western Fuce of Basemont of Tower (Nimroud) — ~
Northern Face of Basement of Tower eset -
Elevation of Stylobate of Temple = -
Section of Stylobate of Temple = z
Cart with Ropes, and Workmen carrying Sams, Picks, snd Shovels
for moving Colossal Bull(Kouyunjik) — ~

Bulls with historia) Lnscriptions of Sennacherib (Kouyung ik) -
Remains of Grand Entrance of the Palace of Sennacherib (Kouyunjik)

Existing Remains at emma Ts Oe eee ee

‘i de ‘Throne hefore Lachish - - - -

Jewish Captives from Lachish (Kouyunjik) » 5 =) i
Tmpreasion of # Seal on Clay - >
eater es wae Sel sSowin the Marks ofthe String andthe i ke
Avsyrian Seals =

Phoenician Seals - - - - - - -

Egyptian Seals

Apres of the Sign of he Kgs of Ansa “snd Bag (Or
ginal Size’

Bar of arose of Sata, erage fom he Tape fi Sie

Piece of Clay with preaditeet Bose - - - -

sire es Se els

al]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

Vaulted Drain beneath the North-west Palace at Nimroal = =
Bronze Socket of the Palace Gate (Nimrod) -
Vaulted Drain beneath South-east Palace (2 .
Perfect Arch beneath Sousa ea (isusad) -
Arab Tent = 2
Hiuvafsd Chasives \a:wblok die Beosnss sree scree (Simon)
Bronze Bells found in a Caldron (Nimroud)
Horee Trappings from a Bas-relief at Kouyunjik, erat probable
Use of Ivory Studs and Metal Rosettes -
Feet of Tripods in Bronae and Iron -
Bronze Ornaments ~ = _
Bronze Object ~ * - -
Bronze Hock - -
Tvory and Mother of Pearl Studs (Nimroud), -
Feet of Tripods in Bronze and Iron - -
Bronze Vessels taken from the Interior of a Caldron ~

Bronze Head of a Mace = - >
Bronze Handle of a Dish or Vane - -
Bronze Wine Strainer - - -
Bronze Dish, from Nimroud - -
Bronze Dish, from Nimroud - -
Handles of Bronze Dishes, from Nimroud
Bronze Cup, 6} in. diameter, and 12 in. deep
Engraved Scarab in Centre of same Cup =
Embossed Figures on SeemansSShes te Bate hs Pots,
in the British Maseam =~

Embossed Figure on the Bronze Pedestal ofs Figure ead Polledrara
Bronze Pedestal of Figure from Polledrara -

Bronze Cup, from Nimroud - - -
Bronze Shields, from Nimroud - -
‘An Iron Pick, from Nimroud = -

Half of a double-handled ey from Nimroui

Part of Ivory Sceptre

Bronze Cubes inlaid with Gol (Original Size)

Glass and Alabaster Vases bearing the Name of Sargon, from Nimroud

Fragments of Bronze Ornaments of the Throne cel .

Bronze Bull's Head from Throne = od

Bronze Head, part of Throne, showing Bitumen fasida

Bronze Binding of Joints of Throne -

Bronze Casing, from the Throne {Neuse

‘A Group of Yezidis =

Rock-Sculpture (Bavian)

Sacted Syimbols or Royal Tablets (Bavian)
Rock-Seulptures (Bavian) =

wed
Kialesb Ol aap ee

sea eee

xx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Author's House at Nimroud - - . -
A Captive (of the Tokkari?) Kouyunjik -
Bas-relief from Kouyunjik, representing a fortified Gi, a River with
a Bost and Raft, anda Canal = - =
er representing # River, and Gardens watered by Canal (Kou-
yunjik
Awad, Sheikh of the Sehesh - = = a a
Our first Encampment in the Desert - 7 + =
Sheikh Suttum = - = +2
Roman Coin of Gordian and ‘Tranquilling, struck at Singura, (British
Museum) =~ - - - - - -
Interior of a Yezidi House at Bukra, in the Sinjar - - -
Arab Nose Ring and Bracelet of Silver - - -
Suttum, with his Wife, on his Dromedary - =) bd %
Sheikh Mohammed Emin - - - - - is
Front View of Winged Bull at Arban - - - -
Lion discovered at Arban - - - - - -
Bas-relief discovered at Arban - - - a
Chinese Bottle discovered at Arban - - - - -
Figure in Pottery from Mosul - : - -
Egyptian Scarab from Arban - : - - -
Scarabs discovered at Arban - - - - -
Scarabs discovered at Arban = + * ¢ -
Winged Bull discovered at Arban - - -
Arab Women grinding Corn with a Handmill, rolling out the Dough,
and baking the Bread - - e - = -
Saddling a Deloul, or Dromedary - - - - -
Kurdish Women - - : = 2
The Tent of the Milli Chief - x fe 2 ¥,
Volcanic Cone of Koukab - . = . i n
Arab Camels - : a *
‘An Entrance to the Great Hall of the North-west Palace (Nimroud) +
Attendants carrying Pomegranates and Locusts (Kouyunjik) - =
The King in his Chariot passing through a Stream in a Valley (Kou-
yunjik) é ¢ S €
Assyrian Cylinder, with Dagon, or the Fish-god - - -
Fish-god on Gems in the British Museum - - -
Inscribed Tablet impressed with Seals - z - -

Inscribed Tablet, with Inscription at one End in Cursive Characters -
Entrance to small Temple (Nimroud) 2 z Z
Fish-god at Entrance to small Temple (Nimroud) - - -
Fragment in Blue Clay (Nimroud) - A . - -
Eye in Black Marble and Ivory (Nimroud) - : -
Box in Chalcedony (Nimroud) — - A ei Z 3
Box in Porcelain? (Nimroud) 5 7 - -

Fragment in Porcelain? (Nimroud) - - :

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Entrance to a small Temple (Nimroud) ~~ -
Statue of King, from Temple (Nimroud) x é
Head in Gypsum, frou mall Temple (NI -
Ivory Head from small Temple {Nimroud) ~ -
Landing Place with Ferryboate on the Tigris at Mosul

Rock-Sculptures near the Village of Gunduk
‘The Castle of Matmondipah -
Kurds of Wan ~ --
The Town and Rock of Wan =>

Interior of a Tomb in the Rock (Wan) .
Ground Plan of the same Tomb- = -
Kurd of the Neighbourhood of Wan -
A Nestorian Family employed in the Scar at be a

AY et Marti a:
b URED ie eee he

Summer Slecping-Place in the Hills
Arabs and Nestorians moving a Slab at Kouyanjil = “
Metal Vessel or Casket (Kouyunjik) -

Assyrian Warriors in a Cart captured from the Elamites (Kouyunjik)
Mazicians and Singers coming out to meet the Conquerors (Kouyanjik)
Assyrians flaying their Prisoners alive, or carrying away Heads of
the Slain (Kouyunjik) ~ -
“Assyrians torturing thoir Captives (Kouyungik) =
Wall of ascending Passage in the Palace of Kouyunjik
Colossal Figures at an Entrance (Kouyunjik)
‘Tunic of Colossal Figures on opporite Sculpture’
Cases containing Sculptures ready for Embarkation
A Kellek or Raft on the Tigris =
Bronze Ball from Tel Mohammed -
Figures of Assyrian Venus in baked Clay
A Hooded Falcon (Chark) on its Stand
‘The Mojelibé or Kasr (from Rich)
Plan of Part of the Hains of Bayon on the Eastern Bank of
Euphrates: - - -
Eastern Face of the Birs Nimroud, wih proposed Ruseatlec
Bottle of Ribbed Glass, from the Mound of Babel =
Glass Bottles from the Mound of Babel -
Glazed Earthenware Vessel, from the Mound of Babel
Jug of Soapstone, from the Mound of Babel -
Fragment from the Mujelibé (Babylon)
Earthen Jars found in Babylonian Ruins -
No. 1. An Earthen inscribed Bowl, from
No. 3, Re ea oe ae fase Baty co
Bowl No, 5, -

oe eo ai Pes
2 bN G. 8 Oey ce

eins
PEP ys Vind) «cg We Ree dee wowar ae

Pa he bd ee ab

Sseeeseeessy 4

se
aS

S88 SéS5Seee5h5 SSeS

&
&

Sese

xx LI8T OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

Engraved Gem from Babylon ~ % & « is
Cylinder in the British Museum = - - - - -
Heads of Arab Delouls - . + * B -
Arab Manand Woman = - - . S = 2
Lid of glazed Coffin - - - c 2 S 2
Glazed Coffins from Babylonia E e a a
Terracotta Model of a Body ina Coffin - 2 é =
Ram in baked Clay, from Niffer - - - - re
Engraved Pebble - - A é
Fragments of engraved Shells from Wurka. - 2 S a
Inscribed Object in Clay, from Wurka = . . e
Arab Sheep - - - cE

Nestorian and Arab Workmen, with er discovered at Nimroud -
Loading a Camel (Kouyunjik) - “ * Baer
Captives resting (Kouyunjik) - % = ‘
Captives in a Cart(Kouyunjik) = - - -
‘A Batde in a Marsh in Southern Mesopotamia (Kouyungik) - é
Chariot with circular Shield attached (Kouyunjik) - 5 :
Assyrians cutting down the Palm Trees belonging to a captured City
(Kouyunjikt) - = = g
Assyrian Pedestal, from Kouyunjik - a 2 S z
Coin of Trajan, struck at Nineveh - - - st
Coin of Maximinus, struck at Nineveh - -
Fragment of stamped Pottery, from Kouyunjit, probably of the
Persian Period - - - - -
Greek or Roman Relics, from Kouyungik e - 5
Fragment of Dish, with Inscriptions in Hieroglyph, from Koupani

Stone Vessel, from Kouyunjik - A
Handle of Marble Dish, from Kouyunjik - - : -
Copper Instrument, from Kouyunjik - = 4
Fragments of hollow Tubes in Glass, from Kouyanjik 2 z
Gold Ear-ring, with Pearls, from Kouyunjik = fe
Terracotta Vessel, from Kouyunjik - = 5 fe .

Moulds for Gold and Silver Kar-rings, from Nimroud = _
Moulds for Gold and Silver Ear-rings, from Kouyunjik and Nimroud -
Egyptian weighing Rings of Metal with Weights in the form of 2

seated Lion - s 3 : 3
Cylinders in green Jasper - = = % > .
Ancient Assyrian Cylinder, in Serpentine - s is “
Assyrian Cylinders, in Serpentine - 3 5 z z
‘Assyrian Cylinder, in Agate - ‘ . “ .

‘Assyrian Cylinder, in Porcelain or Quartz - By gem 5
Babylonian Cylinders, in Iron Hematite, and Jasper - 7 =
Babylonian Cylinder, in green Jasper é Z 2
Babylonian Cylinder in Jasper 7 2 ss

Cylinders, with Semetic Characters - * - - -

LI8T OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxiii

Page

Persian Cylinders, in red Comets, in Chaloedony, in Rock Crystal,
and in Onyx - - - . - 607
Clay Tablet with Cylinder, impressed, from Kouyunjik e - 609
Part of Colossal Head, from Kouyunjik — - & 3 - 610
Tomb of the Prophet Jonab, and the River Khauser - - - 6u
Bas-relief representing Pul, or Tiglath-Pileser (Nimroud) — - - 619

Captives from Padan-Aram, Amyris, and Carchemish, of the Time of
Amenophis III. - 3 - 3 = 628
Exterior of a Palace, from a Bas-relief at Kouyangik- - + 647
‘Throne Room, Teheran - 2 - 649
Plan of the Inclosure Walls and Ditches at Kouyunjik . - 658
Double Ditch and Walls of Inclosure of Kouyunjik - : - 661

Last View of Mosul - - - - - 664

tions as rendered their scrvico in the army incompatible.
atrict observance of their religious duties. So often can
well acquired and well directed, be exercised in the great.
humanity, without distinction of persons ar of creeds!
but one of the many instances in which Sir Stratford Cant
added to the best renown of the British name.

Cawal Yusuf, having fulfilled his mission, eagerly acc

to return with me to Mosul. His companions had
obtain certain documents from the Porte, and were to re
Constantinople until their business should be completed.
Cawal still retained the dress of his sect and office. His dark
and regular and expressive features were shaded by a black tu
and # striped aba of course texture was thrown loorely o
robe of red silk,

Our arrangements were complete by the 28th of August (18.
and on that day we left the Bosphorus by an English steam
hound for Trebizond. The size of my party and its consequen
incumbrances rendering a caravan journey absolutely necessary,
I determined to avoid the usual tracks, and to cross eastern:
Armenia and Kurdistan, both on account of the novelty of part
of the country in a geographical point of view, and its political,

and

Car. 1) TURKISH ROADS. 5

intents Eg ee ee
control of the Turkish govern
We disembarked at ae emer attr abe: ‘on the follow-
ing day commenced our land journey. Tho country between
this port and Erzeroom has been frequently traversed and do-
scribed. Through it pass the caravan routes connecting Persia
with the Black Sea, the great lines of intercourse and com-
merce between Burope and central Asin, The roads usually
foawesiad are three in number. The summer, or upper, aire
the ortest, but is most precipitous, and, crossing
mountains, is closed after the snows commence ; it is called
Tehairler, from ita fine upland pastures, on which the horses are
usually fed when caravans take this route. ‘The middle road has
few advantages over the upper, andis rarely followed by merchants,
who prefer the lower, although making a considerable detour by
Gumish Khaneh, or the Silver Mines. The three unite at the tows
of Baiburt, midway between the sea and Exzeroom. Although an
active and daily increasing trade is enrried on by theeo rouds,
no means whatever have until recently been taken to improve
them. They consist of mere mountain tmcks, deep in mud or
dust according to the season of the year, ‘The bridges, built when
the erection and repair of public works were imposed upon the
local governors, and deemed 4 red dy by he inde
hereditary families, who ruled in the provinces as Pashas or Dereh~
Beys, have been long permitted to fall into decay, and commerce is
fequentiyiey stopped for days by the swollen torrent or fordless
stream. This has been one of the many cvil results of the system
of centralisation 20 vigorously commenced by Sultan Mahmoud,
and so steadily carried out during the present reign. The local
governors, receiving a fixed ealary, and rarely permitted to remain
above a few months in one office, tuke no interest whatever in the
prosperity of the districts placed under their care, The funds
assigned by the Porte for public works, emall and totally inade-
quate, are squandered away or purloined long before any part can
be applied to the objects in view.
Since my visit to Trebizond « road for carts has been com=
meneed, which is to lead from that port to the Persian frontiers;
but it will, probably, like other undertakings of the kind, be
abandoned Jong le ever completed will be
permitted at o r ‘want of common repair.
sources of revenue

are afforded for its

i rhs F i i t2aky
a Hann

a]
FREI ceaal

Cur, L] ARMENIAN CHURCHES

7
ravine and rocky peak. They are succeeded by still higher moun-
tains, mostly rounded in their forms, some topped with

‘The villages in the valleys are inhabited by Turks, Lazes (Mussul-
mans), and Armenians; the soil is fertile, and produces mach corn,
Our journey to Erzeroom was performed without incident, A
heavy and uninterrupted rain for two days tried the patience and
temper of those who for the first time encountered the difficulties
and incidents of Enstern travel. The only place of any interest,
passed during our ride, was a small Armenian village, the remains
of a larger, with the ruins of three early Christian churches, or

ist.

remarkable buildings, of which many ex
g to an order of architecture peculiar to the
4 nt

within their walls.

Erzeroom on the 8th, and were oe EY
ved by the British consul, Mr. Brant, a gentleman who has
well, and honorably sustained our influence in this part

and who was the first to open an important field for our
commerce in Asia Minor. With him I visited the commander-in-
chief of the Turkish forces in Anatolia, who had recently returned

elaborate plans, itions, drawings, and restorations
‘interesting edifices.

‘Cuan Lb) ‘THE DUDJOOK TRIBES, 9

from w successful expedition against the wild mountain tribes of
central Armenia, Reshid Pasha, known as the “ Guzfu,” or * the
Wearer of Spectacles,” enjoyed the advantages of an
education, and had already distinguished himeclf in the

career. With a Soowiaige of the French language ke united
taste for European literature, which, during his numerous expe-
ditions into districts unknown to western travellers, had led him to

been the subjugation of the tribes inhabiting the Dudjook Moun-
tains, to the south-west of Erzeroom, long in open rebellion against
the Sultan. ‘The account he gave me of the country and its occu-
pants, much excited a curiosity which the limited time at my com-
mand did not enable me to gratify. According to the Pasha, the
tribes are idolatrous, worshipping venerable oaks, great trees,
huge solitary rocks, and other grand features of nature. THe was
inclined to attribute to them mysterious and abominable rites.
Thie calumny, the resource of ignorance and intolerance; from
which even primitive Christianity did not escape, has generally
been spread in the East against those whose tenots are unknown
or carefully concealed, and who, in Turkey, are included under
the general term, indicating Ru are treed aed
Cheragh-sonderan, or * Extinguishers of Lights." They have a
chief priest, who is, at the sain time, a Kind of ‘political bead of
the eect. He had recently been taken prisoner, sent to Constan-
tinople, and from thence exiled to some town on the Danube.
‘They speak a Kurdish dialect, though the various septs into which
they are divided have Arabic names, apparently showing a south-
ern origin. Of their history and early migrations, however, the
Pasha could learn nothing. The direct road between Trebizond
and Mesopotamia once pasted through their districts, and the ruins
of spacious and well-built khans are still seen at regular intervals
on the remains of the old causeway. But from a remote period,
the country had been closed against the strongest caravans, and no
traveller would venture into the power of tribes notorious for their
cruelty and lawlessness, The Pasha spoke of re-opening the road,
rebuilding caravanserais, and restoring trade to its ancient channel—
good intentions, not wanting amongst Turks of his class, and which,
if carried out, might restore a coun rich in natural resources to
| its ancient prosperity. account he gave me is not

relied on, but a district ty |

Pate
Hl AY i

FEM Herries

: Ha

Cuar. 1] TURKISH REFORM. oy
ners of aclass now almost extinct, and of which a short account

may not be uninteresting.

‘The Turkish conquerors, after the overthrow of the Greek empire,
parcelled out their newly acquired dominions into military flefx
‘These tenures varied subsequently in size from the vast possessions
of the great families, with their hosts of retainers, such as the Kara
seals Af cia nares Nica ond es gee
spahiliks in Europe, w owners were ob) to
perform personal military service when called upon by the state.
Between them, of middle rank, were the Derch-Beys, literally
the “ Lords of the Valley,” who resided in their fortified castles,

and scarcely owned more than a nominal allegiance

against
too powerful and usurping subjects. Sultan Mahmoud, a man of
undoubted genius and of vast viewa for the consolidation and
centralisation of his empire, aimed not only at the extirpation of
all those great families, which, either by hereditary right or by
local influence, had assumed a kind of independence; but of all
the smaller Dereh-Beys and Spahis. This gigantic echeme, which
changed the whole system of tenure and local administration,
whether political or financial, he nearly carried out, partly by force
of arms and partly by treachery. tan Abd-ul-Mejid, freed
from the difficulties and embarrassments with which an unfortunate
war with Russia and successful rebellions in Albania and Egypt had
surrounded his father, has completed what Mahmoud commenced.
Notonly have the few remaining Dereh-Beys been destroyed or re~
moved one by one, but even military tenure has been entirely abo-
lished by arbitrary enactments, which have given no compensation
to the owners, and have destroyed the only hereditary nobility in
the empire. Opinions may differ as to the wisdom of the course
pursued, and as to its probable results. Whilat greater personal se-
* curity has been undoubtedly established throughout the Ottoman
dominions, whilst the ey of the Sultan are, theoretically at
least, no longer exposed to the tyranny of local chiefs, but are go-
yerned by the more equitable and tolerant laws of the empire; his
throne has lost Ha mapper St cs bred to military life, undisci-
plined it is true, but brave and devoted, always ready to join the
holy. standard when unfurled against the enemies of the nation and
its religion, a race who carried the Turkish arms into the heart of
Europe, and were the terror of Christendom. Whether a
disciplined as far as possible after the fashion of Europe,

NINEVEM AND 1

will exp “he 4 place of the old
Sa cei bomen tad

‘The Government loft the enforoement of order to the! al c
all the tribute received from them was so much clear gz
treasury, because no collectors were needed to raise it,
enforce its payment. The revenues of the empire

great wars, and there was neither public debt nor

Now that the system of centralisation has been fully

the revenues are more than absorbed in the measures nec

say tend to the prosperity and well-being of their inhubita
may be objected in extenuation that it is sre aa
the working of a system so suddenly introduced, and
iw merely in a transition state ; the principle it has adop
ever its abuse, being fandamentally correct. One thing is cert:
that Turkey muat, sooner or later, have gone through this

Tt is customary to regard these old Turkish lords ag im
tyrants —robber chiefs who lived on the plunder of a
of their subjects. That there were many who
description cannot be denied; but they. were, I believe, exe
Amongst them were some rich in virtues and high and
feeling. It has been frequently my lot to find a representatis
this nearly extinct clase in some remote and almost unknown
in Asia Minor or Albania. I have been received with
tionate warmth at the end of a day's journey by a venerable
or Agha in his spacious mansion, now fast crumbling to ruin,
still bright with the remains of rich, yet tasteful, oriental de
ration ltis long beard, white as snow, falling low on his b
his many-folded turban shadowing his beneyolent yet m

Cuan. TJ SHAHAN BEY, 13

countenance, and his limbs scvalopad ct Sts aati geesinits

jected by the new generation; his open to all comers,
ne alias aaa tomniaacea came or whither he was
going, dipping his hands with him in the same dish ; his servants,
standing with reverence before him, rather his children than his
servants; his revenuca spent in raising fountains* on the wayside
for the weary traveller, or in building caravanserais on the dreary
plain; not only professing but practising all the duties and virtues
enjoined by the Koran, which are Christian duties and virtues too;
in his manners, his appearance, his hospitality, and his faithful-
eas 8 Retich une eee The race is fast
passing away, a grateful in being able to testify, with a
few others, to its existence once, aguinst prejudice, intolerance, and
80 called reform.

But to return to our host at Guli. Shahan Bey, although not
an old man, was a very favorable specimen of the class I have
described. THe was truly, in the noble and expressive
of the East, an “ Ojiak Zadeh,” “a child of the hearth,” a
man born. His family had originally migrated from ‘
and his father, » pasha, had distinguished himself in the ware with
Ruesia, He entertained me with animated accounts of feuds
between his ancestors and the neighbouring chiefs, when without
their armed retainers neither could venture beyond their imme-
diate territories, contrasting, with good sense and a fair knowledge
of his subject, the former with the actual state of the country.
On the following morning, when I bade him adieu, he would not
allow me to reward either himself or hia servants, for hospitality
extended to so large a company. He rode with me for some
distance on my route, with his greyhounds and followers, and then
returned to his village,

From Guli we crossed a high range of mountains, ranning
nearly east and west, by a pass called Ali-Baba, or Ala-Buba, en~
joying from the summit an extensive view of the plain of Pasvin,
once one of the most thickly peopled and best cultivated districts
in Armenia. The Christian inhabitant were partly induced by
promises of land and protection, and partly compelled by force,
to accompany the Russian army into Georgia after the end

* The most unobservant and hasty traveller in Turkey would soon become
acquainted with this fact, could he read the modest and pious inscription, carved
in relief on a emall marble tablet of the purest white, adorning almost every
half-ruined fountain at which he stops to refresls himself by the wayside.

Rect day: wel conttaved our joumey ancsgetandiataltaatiae
abounding in flocks of the great and lesser bustard. Innmerable
branched from the beaten path, a sign that villages

government
common fora traveller to receive the first intimation of his approach
to a village by finding his horse's fore feet down a chimney, and
himself taking his place unexpectedly in the family circle through
the roof, Numerous small streams wind among the valleys, mark-
ing by meandering lines of perpetual green their course to the Arras,

* Annbasis, lib. iv. c. 6

Carb] THE SUBMAN DAGH. 6
or Araxes, We crossed that river about midday by a ford not
and

sleeping in the shade of their piled up bales of goods. Amongat the
merchants we recognised several natives of Mosul who trade with
Erzeroom, changing dates and coarse Mosul fabrics for a fine linen
made at Riza,— a small place on the Black Sea, near Trebizond,— '
and much worn by the wealthy and by women, ~

During the afternoon wecrossed the western spur of the Ticktab
Mountains, a high and bold range with three well defined
which had been visible from the summit of the Ala-Baba pass,
From the creat we had the first view of Subban, or Sipan, Dagh*,
a magnificent conical peak, covered with eternal snow, and rising
abruptly from the plain to the north of Lake Wan, It is a con-
spicuous and beautiful object from every part of the surrounding
country. We descended into the wide and fertile plain of Hinnis,
‘The town was just visible in the distance, but we left it to the
right, and halted for the night in the large Armenian village of
Koosli, after a ride of more than nine hours. I was received at the
guest-houset with great hospitality by one Misrab Agha, a Turk,

* Sipan is a Kurdish corruption of Subhan, é.¢. Praise. The mountain ix so
enlled, because a tradition asserts that whilst Noah was carried to and fro by
the waters of the deluge, the ark inst its peak, and the

jarity itmosphere ,

siderable elevation). They found within the cone a small lake,

filling the hollow of a crater; and scoria and lava, met with in abundance
during the ascent, indicated the existence, at some remote period, of a
Unfortunately, the barometers with which the party were provided, wi

Mr, Brant has only been able t

aT
2a

Bog 4
Tet
tel 1H

i
=
2
i
i
3

Many wish to return to their old
can enjoy far greater lit

favounibly

the frontier,
fae

ty oes chs ele
Russian

at Kara Kupri.
the principal produce bei

Tuins of a

‘the

iges
armed with teeth” mentioned by Isaiah. In no instance are the
animals muzzled —“ thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth
out the corn;” but they linger to pick up a scanty mouthful as

h are chiefly aseigned. The grain is
men and women, who throw the corn and straw

18 NINEVEH AND BABYLON.

‘Tharestung the Corn tn Armenia

until the tithe-gatherer has taken his portion. The straw is stored
for the winter, as provender for the cattle,”

‘The Kurdish inhabitants of this plain are chiefly of the tribe of
Mamanli, once very powerful, and mustering nearly 2000 horso-
men for war, according to the information I reecived from one of
their petty chiefs who lodged with us for the night in the guest
house of Karagol. After the Russian war, part of the tribe was
included in the ceded territory. Their chief resides at Malaskert.

* ‘These processes of threshing and winnowing appear to have been used fram
the enrliest time in Asia. Isaiah alludes to it when addressing the Jews
(xxviii. 27, 28, Sce Translation by the Rev. John Jones) *—

“ The dill is not threshed with the threshing sledge,
Nor is the wheel of the wain made to roll over the cummin.
Bread corn isthrshed?
But not for ever will be continue thus to thresh it,
‘Though he driveth along the wheels of his wain,
And his horses, he will not bruise it to dust.”
“The oxen and the young asses, that till the ground
Shall eat clenn provender,
Which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan.” (xxx, 24.)
“Behold, Ehave made thee a new sharp threshing wain (sledge) armed with
‘pointed teeth.” (xli. 15.)
“Thou shalt winnow them, and the wind shall carry them away.” (xli, 16.)

Car. LJ ‘A KURDISH VILLAGE, Ww

We crossed the principal branch of the Euphrates soon after
leaving Karagol. Although the river is fordable at this time of
year, during the spring it is nearly a mile in breadth, overflowing
its banks, and converting the entire plain into one great marsh,
We had now to pick our way through a swamp, scaring, as we
advanced, myriads of wild-fowl. I have rarely seen game in euch
abundance and such variety in one spot; the water swarmed with
geese, duck, and teal, the marshy ground with herons and snipe,
and the stubble with bustards and cranes. After the rains the
Jower road is impassable, and caravans are obliged to make a con-
siderable circuit along the foot of the hills.

We were not sorry to escape the and mud
of the plats sad) fe elekol iw kia acetate ease
lake of Gula Shailu. pela npterbnporerntr leg ergs
monastery, situated on a small septa Meh e The
bishop was at his breakfast, his fare frugal and episcopal enough,
consisting of nothing more than boiled beans and sour milk.
He insisted that ear Hino ape ete eg

the body of a much venerated saint, who had lived about the time
of St. Gregory the Illuminator, and that it was the resort of the
afflicted and diseased who trusted to their faith, rather than to
medicine, for relief. The whole establishment belongs to the large
Armenian village of Kop, which could be faintly distinguished in
the plain below. The Kurds had plundered the convent of its
books and its finery, but the church remained pretty well as it had
been some fifteen centuries ago.

After a pleasant ride of five hours we reached a deep clear lake,
embedded in the mountains, two or three pelicans, “ swan and sha-
dow double,” and myriads of water-fowl, lazily floating on its blue
waters. Piron, the village where we halted for the night, stands at
the farther end of the Gula Shailu, and is inhabited by Kurds of
the tribe of Hasananlu, and by Armenians, all living in good fel-
lowship amidst the dirt and wretchedness of their eternal dung-
heaps. Ophthalmia had made sad havoc amongst them, and the
doctor was soon surrounded by « crowd of the blind and diseased
clamoring for relief. The villagers said that a Persian, professing to
be a Hakim, had passed through the place somo time before, and had

int

Py}

irk
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inset 2

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fish known ia of the size and appearance of a herring. It is
caught during the season in such abundance that it forms, whon
dried and salted, provision for the rest of the year, and 2 consider~
ablearticle of exportation. I was informed, however, by a Christian,

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undiscovered until the traveller reaches the very edge of the
cipice, when # pleasant and cheerful scene opens suddenly

hia feet. He would have believed the country a mere
desert had be not epied here and in the distance a peasant
slowly driving his pI through the rich soil. ‘The inka-
ee se ne are more industrious Fah gee, than
‘ir neig! carry the produce of thei not on
the backs of animals, as in most parts of Asia Minor, but in
‘of wood, no iron being used even in the

wheels, which are ingeniously built of

ity and kara agatch (literally,

which ecparate the soil and leave a deep
mole td tAronies ous. pnd well defined furrow.

CHAP. IL

‘THE LAKE OF WAN.—AKHLAT.—TATAM TOMUS.—ANCIENT REMAIXS.—A DERVISH,
A FRIEXD.—TUR MUDIB.—ARMENIAS REMAINS.—AN ARMENIAN CONVENT AXD
MISLOP.— JOURNEY TO MITLIS, —NIMROUD DAGH, — BITLIS,— JOURNEY TO
KUERZAN, — YEZIDE VILLAGE.

‘Tue first view the traveller obtains of the Lake of Wan, on de~

scending towards it from the hills above Akblat, is singularly beau-

tiful. This great inland sea, of the deepest blue, is bounded to
the east by ranges of serrated snow-capped mountains, peering one
above the other, and springing here and there into the highest
peaks of Tiyari and Kurdistan; beneath them lies the sacred island
of Akhtamar, just visible in the distance, like a dark shadow on
the water. At the further end rises the one sublime cone of the

Subhan, and along the lower part of the western shores stretches

the Nimroud Dagh, varied in shape, and rich in local traditions.

NINEVEH AND BABYLON.
~ *

:
2

Pat

richest red
arabesque

3
re

the early Mussulman
there a turbeh® of

conical

;

‘lower Parl prolostal af ag

of the building, Tn this basement was the

pal

the rest

mortal

Baiandourf, one of the chiefs of the
crossed the frontiers of Persia in

who
The

great Tatar tribes,
the fifteenth century.
‘building which sometimes covers a Mohammedan tomb in 80

* The small

f Asultan of the Ak-Konyunlu, or White-sheep Tatars, from whom the tribe

derived their name of Baianlourr.

‘Tarbed or Teme of Bates Batanécor, at ALBIN,

26 NINEVEH AND BARYLOX,

resisting decay is now Pa :

{ Tombs with entrances cloel by stone, ngeniouly made to ell back into
e

8 groove, still exist in many partaof the Enst. learn from both the Old and.
New Testament, that such tombs were in common use in Palestine, as well as
in other countries of Asia. The stone was “ rolled away from the sepulchre” in
which Christ wus laid; which we may gather from the context was a chamber
cut into the rock, and intended to receive many bodies, although it had not

-_ |

Cmar, 11) ‘RULNS OF AKHLAT. 27

timea sunk into the floor, are recesses or troughs, in which once
lay the bodies of the dead, whilst in small niches, in the sides of

every respect aii i
Sra and Pari as far south as Shiraz; but I have never met
with them in such abundance as at Akblat, Their contents were
Tong ago the spoil of conquerors, and the ancient chambers of the
dead have been for centuries the abodes of the living.

Leaving the valley and winding through a forest of fruit trees,
here and there interspersed with a few primitive dwellings, I came
to the old Turkish castle, standing on the very edge of the Jake.
It is a pure Ottoman edifice, less ancient than the turbehs,
or the old walls towering above the myine. Inscriptions over
the gateways state that it was partly built by Sultan Selim, and

by Sultan Suleiman, and over the northern entrance occurs
the date of 975 of the Hejira. The walls and towers are still
standing, and need but alight repair to be again rendered capable
of defence. . They inclose a fort, and about 200 houses, with two
mosques and baths, fast falling into decay, and only tenanted by
a few sepa Sunline tbs) ee ees ten
linger amongst the ruins, separated. dwell-
ing places by a high thick wall and a ponderous iron-bound gate
now hanging half broken away from its rusty hinges, there dwelt,
until very recently, a notorious Kurdish freebooter, of the name of
Mehemet Bey, who, secure in thia stronghold, ravaged the sur-
rounding country, and sorely vexed its Christian inhabitants. He
fled on the approach of the Turkish troops, after their successful
expedition against Nur-Ullah Bey, and is supposed to be wandering
in the mountains of southern Kurdistan,

After the capture of Beder Khan Bey, Osman Pasha, the com-
mander-in-chief of the Turkish army, a man of enterprise and
Tiberal views, formed a plan for restoring to Akhlat its ancient
prosperity, hy making it the capital of the north-eastern pro-
vinces of the Turkish empire. He proposed, Byline Mat,
to induce the inhabitants of the neighbouring villages to remove to
the town, and by peculiar privileges to draw to the new settlement
the artizans of Wan, Bitlis, Moush, and even Erzeroom. Its po-

been, used before. Such, also, was the tomb of Lazarus. Rapbocl, who is

singularly correct im d Eastern habits and costumes in his
‘has thus pe Saviour in a sketch in the Oxford
lection. . q

ing before me a Persian Dervish, clothed in the fawi :
gazelle skin, and wearing the conical red cap, edged with far,
embroidered in black braid with verses from the
cations to Ali, the patron of his sect. He was no
than I had been at his greeting, when I gave him
peculiar to men of his order. He was my devoted friend

vant from that moment, and sent his boy to fetch a dish

for which he actually refused a present ten times their i

* Shah Armen, de. King of Armenia, was a title asumed by a dynasty

hied many adventares in company: with euch ax he.

ilst we were seated chatting in the soft moonlight, Hormuzd
was suddenly embraced by a young man resplendent with silk and
gold embroidery and armed to the teeth. He wasa chief from the
district of Mosul and well known to us. Hearing of our arrival he
Yaa Resto Gem bs sine Be enna eens
to endeavour to persuade me to move the encampment and partake
of his hospitality. Fuiling, of course, in prevailing upon me to
change my quarters for the night, he sent his servant to his wife,
who was alady of Mosul, and formerly a friend of my companion's,
for a sheep. We found, ourselves thus unexpectedly amongst
friends. Our circle was further increased by Christians and Mus-
sulmans of Akhlat, and the night was far spent before we retired
to rest.

‘In the morning, soon after sunrise, I renewed my wanderings
amonget the ruins, first calling upon the Mudir, or governor, who
received me seated under his own fig-tree. He was an old grey~
beard, a native of theplace, und of a straightforward, honest bearing.
Tea to Neen fo es ep ae eae eee a
although, after all, the village, with its extensive gardens, only con:
tributed yearly ten purses, or lesa than forty-five pounds, to the
public revenue. ‘This sum seems small enough, but without trade,
and distant from any high road, there was not a para of ready
money, according to the Mudir, in the place.
ihe, de tae eed nie oad = eaaegel ue

and a it again into that
forest of richly-carved tombs which surrounds the place, like a
broad belt—the accumulated remains of successive generations. The
triumph of the dead over the living is perhaps only thus seen in
the Kast. In England, where we grudge our dead their last resting
places, the habitations of the living encroach on the burial-ground;
in the East it is the grave-yard which drives before it the cottage
and the mansion. The massive headstones still stand erect long
‘after the dwelling-places of even the descendants of those who
placed them there have passed away. Soveral handsome turbehs,
resembling in their general form those I had already visited, though
difforing from them in their elegant and elaborate details, were
scattered amongst the more humble tombe.

NINEVEH AND BABYLON,

the tombe there. are galleries:
in tho cliffs without apparent use, and flights of

convent, which, he declared, had been cut by one of the disey 0
the Saviour himself. It is, at any rate, considered a relic of very

geet py

# a
nti
BEE THTT

nook and corner,

+:
i
>
:

3
2
5
2

tentey
nearly the w

Hittet

ic, Arabic, and

cenic,
tails, it, and forms, recalling to his mind the var

of architecture, which, at an early period, succeeded to
‘Western Europe and in Englandt; modifications of sty!
‘we are mainly indebted to the East during its close u1

is possible that the turbchs may be more ancient than
them by the inhabitants of Akblat, and that they

seattered over Armenia, and of which no accurate
been published.

asd ee

—

‘Umar, IL) ARMENIAN ARCHITECTURE. 33

West by the bond of Christianity. The Crueaders, too,
back into Christendom, on their retarn from Asia, a taste for!
rich and harmonious union of color and architecture which had
already been eo successfully introduced by the Arabs into the coun
tries they had conquered,

This connection between Eastern and Western architecture is one
well worthy of study, and cannot be better illustrated than by
the early Christian ruins of Armenia, and those of the Arsacian

the very summit of the mountain, There are several villages,
chiefly inhabited by Christians, built on the water's edge, or in
the ravines worn by the streams descending from the hills, Our
road gradually lod away from the lake. With Cawal Yueuf and
my companions I left the carvan far behind. The night came
on, and we were shrouded in darkness, We sought in vain for
the village which was to afford us a resting-place, and soon lost
our uncertain trick, The Cawal took the opportunity of relating

liar and highly tasteful style of the
in the remains of Senuictad ictee toe Ctesiphon, and i
ruins of southern Persia and Khusistan, united with the Byzantine churches

USA ete the Saracenic. Already some such modifica-
eres, takin place in Armenia by w similar process, the
power being continually brought into contact in thar

Petey upon this eubjoot, which well morite inves

a NINEVEH AND BABYLON.

and fro for above an hour, we heard the distant jingle of th
rayan bells, We rode in the direction of the welcome sou

Bespeisinito) ti water's ley ace Rinne eee e
sandstone, worn into fantastic shapes nts, +

turned the workmen as they were working into stone. The
on the border of the Iake are the camels, who with their b

Dapke tia verte anh of the lake, near thewAccaeal

village of Tadwan, once a place of some importance, and con=
i mosques, and baths built by Khosrew Pasha —
in the sixteenth century. Entering an undulating country we soon

gazed for the last time on the deep blue expanse of water, and

the lofty peaks of the Hakkiari mountains. The small

fine old khan, its dark recesses, vaulted niches, and spacious
blackened with the smoke of centuries, served to mark one of

‘to
of Wan. Commerce has

years, and its bridges and caravanserais have long fullen into
; when, with the restoration of order and tranquillity to

curry

first wild and rocky; cultivated spots next appeared, seatterod in
the dry bed of the torrent; then a few gigantic trees; gardens and
orchards followed, and at length the narrow valley opened on the
long straggling town of Bitlis.

the bazars built in the bottom of a

the town, On an isolated rock opposite to us rose a frowning
castle, and, on the top of a lofty barren hill, the

of Sheriff Bey, the rebel chief, who had for years held Bitlis
and the surrounding country in subjection, defying the authority
aod the arms of the Sultan. Hero and there on the mountain

white houses surrounded by trellised vines.

was now, for the firat time during the journey,
The

was necessary, and our jaded horses needed it as well as we, for
there were bad mountain roads and long marches before us. I had
a further object in remaining, Three near relations of Cawal
Yusuf returning from their annual visitation to the Yezidi tribes
in Georgia and northern Armenia, had been murdered two years
before, near Bitlis, at the instigation pf the Kurdish Bey. The
money collected by the Cawals for the benefit of the sect and
its priesthood, together with their personal effects, had been taken
by Sheriff Bey, and I was desirous of aiding Cawal Yusuf in their
recovery. Reshid Pasha had given mo an official order for their
restoration out of the property of the late chief, and it rested
with me to see it enforced. I called early in the morning on the
mudir or governor, one of the household of old Hssad Pasha, who
was at that time governor-general of Kurdistan, including Bitlis,
Moush, and the surrounding country, and resided at Diarbekir.
He gave me the assistance I required for the recovery of the
ed Cawals, and spoke in great contempt of
they had been subdued, treating like dogs
before him. ‘The Turks, however, had
‘assume this haughty tone. Long after the

NINEVEH AND BABYLON,

Khan Bey, the chiefs of Hakkiari, Wan, 2
Sect flee

qu *
per

;
:

of the town, and low, ill-built, and dirty.
crowded, as in them is carried on the chicf

room, who come to Bitlis for galls, at present almost the only article
export from Kurdistan to the European markets. This produce
the oak was formerly monopolised by Beder Khan Bey, and
other powerful Kurdish chiefs, but the inhabitants are now per-
‘itted to gather them without restriction, cach village having its
share in the woods, The wool of the mountains is coarse, and
fit for export to Europe; and the “< teftik,”
ir of the i

Cuar. TL) TOWN OF BITLIS. 37
distan producing a long silken wool, like that of Angora, but it is

from them is most offensive.
Haying examined the town I visited the Armenian who
dwells in a large convent in one of the ravines branching off from

Si ore ac idhjie Ceamale aaa ete
American missionaries, whispering confidentially in my car as if
the Kurds were at his door. He insisted in tho most endearing
terms, and occasionally throwing his arms round my neck, that
I should drink 1 couple of glasses of fiery raki, although it
was atill early morning, pledging me himself in each glass. He
ehowed me his church, an ancient building, well hung with miser-
able daubs of saints and miracles. On the whole, whatever may

of Bitlis at the time of my visit had no vary great grounds of com~
plaint. I found them well inclined and exceedingly courteous, those
who had shops in the bazar rising as I passed. ‘The town contains
about seven hundred Armenian and forty Jacobite families (the
former have four churches), but no Nestorians, although formerly a
part of the Christian population was of that sect,

There are three ronds from Bitlis to Jezirch; two over the
mountains through Sert, generally frequented by caravans, but
very difficult and precipitous; a third more circuitous, and wind-
ing through the valleys of the eastern branch of the Tigris. I
chose the last, as it enabled me to visit the Yezidi villages of
the district of Kherzan. We left Bitlis on the 20th. Soon
issuing from the gardens of the town we found ourselves amidst
a forest of oaks of various descriptions.* It was one of those
deep, narrow, and rocky valleys abounding in Kurdistan; the

da note, with which [have been kindly fn
emarkable oaks found in these moun-
country from acorns sent home by me.

FAtlTEiy
ie

About five

curso of Kurdistan. He was notorio

Yezidis, on whose districts he had committed numerous doy
dations, murdering those who came within his reach. THis last
pedition had not proved successful; he was repulsed with the I
of many of his followers. We encamped in the afternoon on ¢]

* See Col, Sheil's Memoir in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,

vol. vii. p.81.

‘Omar, 1.) VALLEY OF BETLIS. 3Y

bank of the torrent, near «cluster of Kurdish tents, concealed
from view by the brashwood and high reeds. The owners were
poor but hospitable, bringing usa lamb, yahgourt, and milk. Lute
in the evening a party of horeemen rode to our encampment. They
wore a young Kurdish chief, with his retainers, carrying off « girl
with whom he had fallen in love,—not an uncommon occurrence in
Kurdistan. They dismounted, eat bread, and then hastened on
their journey to escape pursuit.

Starting next morning soon after dawn we rode for two hours

along the banks of the stream, and then, from the val~
ley, entered a country of low undulating hills. Here we left the
prada pales M rob eg ce |, near a

village named Kitebki, by the river of Sert, another great feeder
of the Tigris. This district abounds in saline springs and wells,
whose waters, led into pans and allowed to evaporate, deposit
much salt, which is collected and forms » considerable article of
export even to the neighbourhood of Mosul.

We halted for a few minutes in the village of Omnis-¢l-Koran,
belonging to one of tho innumerable eaints of the Kurdish moun-
tains. The Sheikh himself was on his terrace superintending the
repair of his house, gratuitously undertaken by the neighbouring
villagers, who came eagerly to engage in a good and pious work,
Whilst the chief enjoys the full advantages of a holy character the
place itself is a Ziorah, or place of pilgrimage, and a visit to it is
considered by the ignorant Kurds almost as meritorious as a
journey to Mecca; such pilgrimages being usually accompanied by
an offering in money, or in kind, are not discouraged by the Sheikh.

Leaving 3 small plain, we ascended a low range of hills by a
precipitous pathway, and halted on the summit at a Kurdish
village named Khokhi. It was filled with Bashi-Bozuks, or
irregular troops, collecting the revenue, and there was such a
general confusion, quarrelling of men and screaming of women,
that we could ecarcoly got bread to eat. Yet the officer assured
me that the whole um to be raised amounted to no more than
seventy piastres (about thirteen shillings). The poverty of the
village must indeed have been extreme, or the bad will of the
inhabitants outrageous.

Tt was evening before we descended into the plain country of
the district of Kherzan. ‘The Yezidi village of Hamki had been
visible for some time from the heights, and we turned towards it.
As the sun was fast sinking, the peasants were leaving the thresh-
ing-floor, and gathering together their implements of husbandry.

their fears; but ‘he was dead and is alive again, h
is found ;” and they made merry with all that the
afford.

Yusuf was soon seated in the midst of a circle of

minuteness; almost
the very number of pipes he had smoked and coffees he had drunk
was given. He was continually interrupted by exclamations of

i ai

Cnar. 1) A YEUDI VILLAGE, 41

gratitude and wonder; and, when he had finished, it was my turn
to be the object of unbounded welcomes and salutations.

As the Cawal sat on the ground, with Lahm

to word whi =

sor tones Bia wit eka of toedecsl estes de hans
brought vividly to my mind many scenes described in the sacred
volumes, ‘Let the painter who would throw off the convention-
alities of the age, who would feel as well aa portray the incidents
of Holy Writ, wander in the East, and mix, not us the ordinary
traveller, but as a student of mon and of nature, with ite
He will daily mect with customs which he will otherwize be at *
a loze to understand, and be brought face to face with those who
have retained with little change the manners, language, and dress
of a patriarchal race.

ouap. th.

RECKETION BY THE YREIDIS.—VILLAGH OF GUEELDER. — TRIUMPRAR
‘TO KEDWAN.—REDWAN.—ARMENIAN CHURCH, — MIRZA AGI m1
TAGES, OM BRALEN BID —TELIAE—VALENY OF THK HERTS — DAS
JOURNEY TO VERKHOUN—TO SEMEL. — ABDE AGHA.—JOURNEY TO MO
‘THE YREIOT CHIEPS.— ARRIVAL AT MOSUL.—XENOTMON'S MARCH FROM
ZAN TO THE WLACK §RA,

T was awoke on the following morning by the tread of horses an
the noise of many voices. The good people of Hamki having sent
messengers in the night to the surrounding villages to spread t]
news of our arrival, a large body of Yezidis on horse and on
had already assembled, although it was not yet dawn, to greet u
and to escort ug on ourjourney, They were dressed in their g
garments, and had adorned their turbans with flowers and gre
leaves. Their chief was Akko, a warrior well known in the
Yezidi wars, still active and daring, although his beard had
turned grey. The head of the village of Guzelder, with the pr
cipal inhabitants, had come to invite me to eat bread in his hou
and we followed him. As we rode along we were joined by pa

Omar. HL} KECEPTION OF YGZIDIS. 43

of horsemen and footmen, each man kissing my hand as he arrived,
the homemen alighting for that purpose. Before we reached Gu-

trees, congregated approached
beonight en thacrerl and allt pele eibort fet as we
oe ee ren eee
loud and piercing “ tahlel.” The chief's family were assembled at
his door, and his wife and mother insisted upon helping me to dis-
mount, We entered a spacious room completely open to the air
on one side, and shed by that extreme neatness and cleans

‘tenes fen oa not,

had related his whele history once more,
single detail. After we had eaten of stuffed

savory dishes and most luscious the

our entertainer placed a present of home-made

and we rose to depart. The horsemen, the Fakirs, and the
pal inhabitants of Guzolder on foot accompanied me.
distance from the village we were met by another large
Yezidis, and by many Jacobites, headed by

jars of fresh water and bowls of sour milk,
7 on were assembled on the housetops

the Yezidi priesthood,

SINBYRM AND BABYLON.

They were nearly related to Cawal Yusuf, and old
own, With them, arnongst others, were several
who appeared to be on the best terms with their Yezid
but had probably ridden out with them to show their g
and admirable horsemanship. As we passed ata
leading into the plain of Redwan, we had the app
triumphal procession, but as we approached the emall
more enthusiastic reception awaited us. First ename a
of horsemen, collected from the place itself, and the
villages. mee were ae by Yezidis on foot, carrying
and branches of trees, and preceded by m playing
haere Next were the Armenian communi
clergy, and then the Jacobite and other
pth their respective priests; the women and ¢
lined the entrance to the place and thronged the hou
alighted amidst the din of music and the ** tahlel” at the hous
Nazi, the chief of the whole Yezidi district, two sheep being s
before me as I took my fect from the stirrups.

Nazi's house was soon filled with the chiefs, the principal
tors, and the inhabitants of Redwan. Again had Cawal Yus
to describe all that had occurred at Constantinople, and to o
the good tidings of an imperial firman giving the Yezidis
rights with Mussulmans, a complete toleration of their
and relief from the much dreaded laws of the conscription.
length breakfast was brought and devoured. It was then
that Nazi's house was likely to be too crowded during the
to it me to enjoy comfort or quiet, and with a du
to the duties of hospitality, it was suggested that I should take
up my quarters in the Armenian church, dining in the evening
with the chiefs to witness the festivities.

‘The change was indeed grateful to me, and I found at length a
little repose and leisure to reflect upon the gratifying scene to
which I had that day been witnese. I have, perhaps, been
minute in tho account of my reception at Rodwan, but I

* A large drum beaten at both ends, and a kind of oboe or pipes

Car, HL) TOWN OF REDWAN. 45

‘ith pleasure this instance of a sincere and spontaneous display of
gratitude on the part of a mulch maligned and race. To

those, unfortunately too many, who believe that can only
be managed by violence and swayed by fear, let this record be a
proof that there are high and generous feelings which may not
only be relied and acted upon without interfering with their
authority, or compromising their dignity, but with every hope of
laying the foundation of real attachment and mutual esteem.

‘The charch stands on the elope of s mound, on the summit of
which are the ruins of a castle

fourth. Me Gaal DROS Gane as cae
vaulted chamber, completely open on one side to the air; in its
centre, supported on four columns, is a gaudily painted box
containing « picture of the Virgin; a few miserable daubs of
saints are pasted on the walls, This is the church, when in sum~
mer the hegt prevents the use of a closed room. It can only be
divided from the yard by a curtain of figured cotton print, dmwn
across when unbelievers enter the building; a low doorway to the left
leads into a dark inner church, in which pictures of the Virgin
and saints can faintly be distinguished by the light of a few pro-
pitiatory lamps struggling with the gloom. Service was performed
in the open iwan during the afternoon, the congregation kneeling
uncovered in the yard.

‘The priests of the different communities called upon me aseoon
as I was ready to receive their visits. The most intelligent
amongst them wasa Roman Catholic Chaldean, a good-humoured,
tolerant fellow, who with a very suall congregation of his own
did not bear any ill will to his neighbours. With the principal
Yexidi chiefs, too, I had a long and interesting conversation on
the state of their people and on their prospects. Nazi is descended
from the ancient hereditary lords of Redwan. The last of them
was Mirza Agha, his uncle, whose history and end were those of
ey independent chieftains of Turkey. When the
celebrated Reshid Pasha bad subdued northern Kurdistan and

castle has been deserted, and is fast falling to ruin, whilst its 0
occupies a mud hovel like the meanest of his followers.

Redwan is called a town, because it has a bazar, and is the:
place of a considerable district. It may contain about
hundred rudely-built huts, and stands on a large stream,
joins the Diarbekir branch of the Tigris, about five or six miles
below. The inhabitants are Yezidis, with the exception of about
one hundred Armenian, and forty or fifty Jacobite and Chaldean
fumilies. A Turkish Mudir, or petty governor, generally resides
in the place, but was absent at the time of my visit.

The sounds of rejoicing had been heard during the whole after=
noon; raki had circulated freely, and there were few houses which
had not alaina lamb to celebrate the day. After we had dined,
the dances commenced in the courtyard of Nazi’s house, and
wore kept up during the greater part of the night, the moon
shedding its pale light on the white robes of the Yezidi dan

bef

Cuan HE) MELEK TAOUS,

But as the sun was setting we were visited by one of those
sudden storms or whirlwinds which frequently riot over the plains
of Mesopotamia and through the valleys of Assyria. Although
it lasted more than half an hour, it tore down in its fury
tents and more solid dwellings, and swept from the housetops
the beds and carpets already spread for the night's repose. After
its passage, the air seemed even more calm than it had been be-
fore, und those who been driven to take shelter from its

service, stood and knelt uncovered in the
The Cawals, who are sent yearly by Hussein Bey and Sheikh
Nasr to instruct the Yezidis in their faith, and to collect the
contributions forming the revenues of the great chief, and of
the tomb of Sheikh Adi, were now in Redwan. The same
Cawala do not take the eame rounds every year, The Yezidia are
parcelled out into four divisions for the purpose of these annual
visitations, those of the Sinjar, of Kherzan, of the pashalic of
the villages in northern Armenia, and within the
The Yezidis of the Mosul districts have the
Cawals always amongst them. I was aware that on the occa-
sion of these journeys the priests carry with them the celebrated
Melek Taous, or brazen peacock, as a warrant for their mis-
sion. A favourable opportunity now offered itself to sce this
mysterious figure, and I asked Cawal Yusuf to gratify my curi-
osity. He at once acceded to my request, and the Cawals and elders
offering no objection, I was conducted early in the morning into
dark inner room in Nazi's house. It was some time before my eyes
had become sufficiently accustomed to the dim light to distinguish
an object, from which a lange red coverlet bad beon raised on my
entry. The Cawale drew near with every eign of reapect, bowing and
kissing the corner of the cloth on which it was placed. A stand
of bright or brass, in shape like the candlesticks generally
in |, was surmounted by the rude image

NINEVEH AND BABYLON,
ei ied int aatmeyenetal nod mares tbo i

fallen into the hands of the
Cuwal Yusuf, once crossing the

the Melek Taous. Having been
‘unuy fae ecoper nn and then left by the Arabs, he dug
ee and carried it in safety to its d
‘Mr. Hormuzd Raseam was alone permitted to visit the
with me. As I have elsewhere observed*, it is not looks
a3 an idol, but as a symbol or banner, as Sheikh Nasr
of the house of Hussein Bey.
‘Having breakfasted at Nazi's house we left Redwan,
by a large company of Yezidis, whom I had great d
persuading to turn back about three or four miles from the
My party was increased by a very handsome black and tan
hound with long silky hair, a present from old Akko, the
chief, who declared that he loved him as his child. The aff
tion was amply returned. No delicacies or caresses would ind
Touar, for such was the dog's namo, to leave his master, He’
himself down and allowed one of the servants to drag him by «
over the rough ground, philosophically giving tongue to his ¢
plaints in a low howl. This greyhound, a fine specimen ofa n
breed, much prized by the Kurds and Persians, became, from
highly original character and complete independence, a great
vourite with us. He soon forgot his old masters, and formed
equal attachment for his new. Another dog, a shepherd cur, hh

* Nineveh and ite Remains, vol. i. p. 20%

Car, 11) XENOPTION'S RETREAT. — 49

accompanied our carvan tho whole way from Trebizond. He
ipa ioeectts ener rsa, oi to
his taste, and the exercise conducive to health, pete Nta
gee eee shown. him by keeping watch over

along re scattered si

ceived outside every village fr its inhabitants. At Kunduk,
hours from Redwan, we found a second breakfast prepared
peclicnar sie i to alight, . Below this place the Redwan
stream joins the Diarbekir branch of the Tigris, the two

a broad river, Near are the remains of Husn Kaifa, and of other
ancient cities, which L was unable to visit.

We had scarcely left Kunduk when we were met by a party
of Christians, with the Kiayah of the village of Aoudi at their
head. I was again obliged to stop, eat bread, and receive an
offering of home-made carpets, of which we had now well nigh
received a mule-load as presents. The inhabitants of the district
were saffering much from oppression and illegal taxation,

The Kiayah, with some horsemen, accompanied us to Tilleh,
where the united waters of Bitlis, Sert, and the upper districts of
Bohtan, join the western branch of the Tigris. The two streams
are about equal in size, and at this time of the year both ford-
able in certain places, We crossed the lower, or eastern, which we
found wide and exceedingly rapid, the water, however, not reach=
ing above the saddle-girths.. The villagers raised the luggage,
and supported the horses against the current, which rushing over
looee and slippery stones, affording un uncertain footing, threatened
to aweep theanimals down the stream, Our travelling companion,
the dog from Trebizond, having made several vain attempts to brave
the rapids, quietly retired, thinking our company not worth any
further risk. ‘Touar, more fortunate, was carried over in the arms
of a servant,

‘The spot at which we crossed was one of peculiarinterest. It was
here that the Ten Thousand in their memorable retreat forded this
river, called, by Xenophon, the Centritis. The Grecks having
fought their way oyer the lofty mountains of the Carduchians, found
their further progress towards Armenia arrested by a rapid

was deep, and its passage disputed by a formi-
de and Chaldeans, drawn
the river, In this strait

NINEVEH AND RARYLON,

of Tillch belongs to Hassan Agha, a
who lives in a small mud fort. He maintained,

Sele iss te cling lite ‘ler serecons tal See
and naming him its governor. He came ont and
his castle, pressing me to pass the night with him,
with pipes and coffee. It was near Tilleh that the
assisted by the Yezidis, completely defeated Khan M
was marching with the tribes of Wan and Hakkiari to
Beder Khan Bey.

‘The sun had set before our baggage had been cro
aoe a ene moon, tha dente a
where the i

throwing their dark shadows over the water. In some p
ecarcely left room for the river to pursu course

a footpath, hardly wide enough to admit the londed) mu
carried along a mere ledge overhanging the gurgling
The gradual deepening of this outlet during countless |
ties is strikingly shown by the ledges which jutt out like a
cession of cornices from the sides of the cliffs. The Inst
left by the retiring waters formed our pathway. The g
history of the Tigris, and, consequently, of the low

its entry into the plain, is strikingly illustrated by thi:
vine. In winter this drainer of the springs and snows of the
Jands of Armenia and Kurdistan is swollen into a most im
torrent, whose level is often full thirty feet above the
avernge of the river.

We found no village until we reached Chellek. ‘The place
been deserted by its inhabitants for the Yilaks, or mountain p
tures. On the opposite side of the river (in the district of Asheeti
danced the lights of a second village, also called Chellek, but di

* Anab. book iv. ¢. 3.

Caav, HL) THE VILLAGE OF FUNDUK. él

tinguished from the one on the eastern bank by the addition of
“ Ali Rummo," the name of a petty Kurdish chief, who owns a
roud fort there.

After some search we found « solitary Kurd, who had been left
to watch the small patches of cultivation belonging to the villagers.
Taking us for Turkish soldiers, he had hidden himself on our arri-
val. He offered to walk to the tents, and returned after midnight

Hie bere if whakeava eeddes! beadjes toe meriemest ean
menced 9 steep ascent, and in an hour and a half reached the
Christian village of Khouara, We rested during the heat of the
day under the grateful shade of a grove of trees, and in the

We stood on the brink of the great i

Beneath us were the vast plains of Mesopotamia, lost in the
hazy distance, the undulating land between them and the Tau-
tus confounded, from so great a height, with the plains them-
selves; the hills of the Sinjar and of Zakko, like on an
embossed map; the Tigris and the Khabour, winding through the
low country to their place of junction at Dereboun ; to the right,
facing the setting sun, and ene its Inst rays, the high cone
of Mardin; behind, a confused mass of peaks, some snow-capped,
all rugged and broken, of the lofty mountains of Bohtan and

watched the shadows as they lengthened over the plain, melting
one by one into the general gloom, and then descended to the
large Kurdish village of Funduk, whose inhabitants, during the
rule of Beder Khan Bey, ‘were notorious amongst even the savage
tribes of Bohtan for their hatred and insolence to Christians,
Although we had now nothing to fear, I preferred seeking
pee our night's halt, and we passed through the nar-
were settling themselves on the houee~
toa We had ridden about half a mile when
we hea in the village, and saw several Kurds
e2

SINEVEH AND BABYLON.

g towards us at the top of their speed. —
{tn s stat of dopa h

pistols. Neither Cawal Yusuf nor

Ue bael cain siew ic uay ial toe Soom
seizing my bridle, declared that the Kiayab,

allow me to proceed without i
ieee iar ilies (60S pa| tas hosel
and sleeping under his roof. Other Kurds soon
us, using friendly violence to turn my horse, and

Smif tinldae T ecumbitéd to redress my steps It was
sist in a refusal after such a display of hospitality, and
standing the protests of my companion, who believed that
ing into the jaws of destruction, I rode back to the vill
Resoul Kiaysh, although laboring under a fit of ague
standing at his door to receive me, surrounded by as
a set of friends ss one could well desire to be in
with. “He had entertained,” he exclaimed, as he sal
“Osman Pasha and Ali Pasha, and it would be a disgrace”
his house if the Bey paseed without eating bread in it’
the meanwhile a sheep had been slain, and comfortable ¢
and cushions spread on the housetop. His greeting of
although he knew him to be a Yezidi, was co warm and e
sincere, that I was at a loss to account for it, until the C
explained to me that when Khan Mahmoud and Beder Khan
were defeated near Tilleh, the Kiayah of Funduk fell
the of the men of Redwan, who were about to inflict eux
mary justice upon him by pitching him mto the river. He
rescued by our friend Akko, who concealed him in his house u
he could return to Kurdistan in safety. To show his gratitude h
has since condescended to bestow on the Yezidi chief the tithe
father, and to receive with a hearty welcome such travellers of #
sect ne may pase through his village, The Kurds of Punduk
the Bohtan dress in its full perfection, a turban nearly three
in diameter, shalwars or trowsers of enormous width, loose em
dered jackets, and shirt sleeves sweeping the ground; all
striped deep dull red and black, except the under-linen and
‘chief tied diagonally across the turban, which is generally of

Car. HE] KURDISH WOSPITALITY. 53.

yellow. They arc armed, too, to the tecth, and as they crouched
Pech optiebeyselner ante Neier Se
‘h the gloom, my London companion, unused to such scenes,
night well bave fancied Iimeclf in aden of thieves ‘The Kinyah,
pate his bad reputation, was exact in all the duties of
hospitality ; the supper was abundant, the coffee flowed
and he extisSed ray curiosity upon many. pointe of revené, internal
administration, tribe-history, and local curiosities.

We passed the night on the roof without any adventure, and
resumed our journey before dawn on the following morning, to the
great relief of Mr.C., who rejoiced to feel himself well out of the
hands of such dangerous hosts, Crossing a mountain wooded with
dwarf oaks, by a very difficult pathway, curried and over
rocks containing many excavated tombs, we to Fynyk,
a village on the Tigris supposed to occupy the site of an ancient
town (Phemnica).* We rested during the heat of the day in
one of the pleasant gardens with which the village is surrounded.
At its entrance was a group of girls and an old Kurd baking bread
in a hole in the ground, plastered with clay. Have you any
bread?” we asked.—‘ No, by the Prophet!” “ Any butter=
milk?"—* No, by my faith 1” Any fruit?"—* No, fe Allah t*
—the trees were groaning under the weight of figs, pomegranates,
pears, and grapes, He then asked a string of questions in his
turn: “ Whence do you come?”—* From afar!” “ What is
your business ?"— What God commands!" “ Whither are you
going ?"—“ As God wills!” The old gentleman, having thus
satisfied himself as to our character and intentions, although our
answers were undoubtedly vague enough, and might have been
elsewhere coneidered evasive, loft us without saying a word more,
but soon after came back bearing a large bowl of curds, and a
basket filled with the finest fruit. Placing these dainties before
me, he ordered the girls to bake bread, which they speedily did,
bringing us the hot cakes as they drew them from their primitive
oven.

SGbigeas (8s idk ok thie etoep deecend dak Xenophon, wee ‘compelled to
‘turn off, ax caravans still are, from the river, and to brave tho difficulties of a
mountain defended by the warlike Carduchi or Kurds, The Rhodian, who

with the inflated skins of sheep, goats, oxen, and

in peel aan covering them with fascines and earthy
from the rafts which were then am for the navi-

reto thisday. As there was a large body of the

y to dispute the passage, the were unable
suggestion.
a3

us, offered to take me to a rock, sculptured, wrth in
Frank figures. epee
which leapt a brmwling torrent, oer

Sentgranrt Tete wt Pray
surrounding tombs, like those of ‘Akhlat, contain

or niches for the dead, one on each side, anda thi

entrance.

We quitted Fynyk in the afternoon. ‘Acoompalal

Yusuf and Mr, C., I left the caravan to examine some rock:
sculptures, in a valley leading from Jezirch to Derghileh, the
former stronghold of Beder Khan Bey, The sculptures are about
two miles from the high road, near a emall fort baile by-MGx Saif
ed-din f, and now occupied by a garrivon of Arnaoute. There are
two tablets, one above the other; the upper contains a warrior on
horseback, the lower a single figure. Although no traces of in-

* Particularly those which I discovered near Shimbor, in the mountains of
Susans. (Journal of Geog. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 64)

+ Mir Snif-ed-din was the hereditary chief of Bohtan, in whose name
Deller Khan Bey exercised his authority.) mone ik, “Sowa ae
Ardeshir) Bey, is now under surveillance amongst the Turks. So
was Beder Bey of the necessity of keeping up the idea amongst
Kurds, that his power was delegated to him by the Bue, tine be vig ever
hit public documents with that chief's seal, although he confined him a close
‘prisoner until his death.

‘Cnar, HL] ROCK SCULPTURES, 55

scription remain, the bas-relicfs may confidently be assigned to the
same period as that at Fynyk. Beneath them is along cutting,
and tunnel in the rock, probably an ancient watercourse for irriga-
tion, to record the construction of which the tablets may have been
sculptured. On our return we passed a solitary Turkish officer,
followed by his servant, winding up the gorge on his way to Der-
ghileh, where one Ali Pasha was stationed with a detachment of
troops; a proof of the change which had taken place in the country

Rock Seutptare near Jeeinb. ‘Rock Seuipaorw iene Jopimet

since my last visit, when Beder Khan Bey was still powerful, and
no Turk would have ventured into that wild valley.

We found the caravan at Mansouriyab, where they had ¢3-
tablished themselves for the night. This is one of the very few
Nestorian Chaldean villages of the plains which has not gone over
to the Roman Catholic faith. It contains a church, and supports
a priest. The inhabitants complained much of oppression, and,
unfortunately, chiefly from brother Christians formerly of their
own croed. Twas much struck with the intelligence and beauty of
the children ; one boy, scarcely twelve years of age, was already a

~ :

ing on the western spur of the Zakko range. Numerous
burst from the surrounding rocks, and irrigate extensive
grounds. Below is the large Christian village of Feshapoor, '
there is a ferry across the Tigris. We were most
entertained by the Yezidi chief, one of. the horsemen wi
met us near Jezireh,

We mounted our horses as the moon rose, and resumed
journey, accompanied by a strong oscort, which left us when
‘were within five or six miles of Semil. It was late in the
before we reached our halting-place, after a dreary and

ride. We were now fairly in the Assyrian plains; the heat was
‘tense —that heavy heat, which scems to paralyse all nature, ae
the very air itself to vibrate. The high artificial mound of the
Yezidi village, crowned by a modern mud-built castle, had been
Yisiblo in the distance long before we reached it, miraged into
double its real size, and into an imposing group of towers and.

Cnar. UL) VILLAGE OF SEMILy

fortifications, Almost overcome with weariness, we toiled up to
it, and found its owner, Abde Agha, the Yezidi chieftain, seated
i he at, «vale ena with deep resent des
et aearitl pumtae aca ‘ing the day*, and

apologised for not having ridden out to meet us. His recepti
was most hospitable; the Jamb was slain and the feast prepared.
But, in the midst of our greetings, a man appeared breathless
before him. The Bedouins had attacked the neighbouring district
and village of Pashai, belonging to Abde Agha’s tribe. No time
was lost in idle preparations, The messenger had scarcely delivered
his message, and answered a few necessary inquiries, before the
high bred mare was led out ready saddled from the harem; her
owner leapt on her back, and followed by a small body of horse=
men, his immediate dependants, galloped off in the direction of the
Tigris, Wearied by my long night's march I retreated to a cool
dark chamber in the castle, unmindful of the bloody business on
which its owner had sallied forth.

Abde Agha did not return that day, but his wife well performed
all the duties of hospitality in his stead, Messengers occasionally
came running from the scene of the fight with the latest news,
mostly, a2 in such cases, greatly exaggerated, to the alarm of those
who remained in the castle, But the chief himself did not appear
until near dawn the following morning, as we were preparing to
renew our journey. He had not been idle during his absence, and
his adherents concurred in stating that he had killed five Arabe
with his own hand. His brother, however, had received a danger-
ous wound, and one of his relations had been slain. He advised
us to make the best of our way to Tel Exkoff, before the Arabs
were either repulsed, or had succeeded in taking Pashai. He could
not furnish us with an escort, as every man capable of bearing

* The custom of assembling and transacting business in the gate is con-
tinually referred to in. the Bible. Seo 2 Simm ais. 8, where king David ia

represented as sitting in the gate; comp. 2 Chron. xviii. 9, and Dan. ii. 49.
‘The gates of Jewiat bouses were probably similar to that described in the
text, Such entrances are also found in Persia, Frequently in the gates of
cities, ax at Mosul, these recesses are used ax shops for the sale of wheat, and
barley, bread and grocery. Elisha prophesies that a measure of Gino flour shall
be sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gate of
Samaria, 2 Kings vii Ye and 18,

as were necessary. Suddenly a large body of hor
on 4 rising ground to the east of us. We

meet and escort me, if needful, to Mosul! Their delight at
us knew no bounds; nor was I leas touched by a display of
tude and good feeling, equally unexpected and sincere.
They rode with us as faras Tel Eskoff, where the danger
the Arabs ceased, and then turned their hardy mares, stil
after their long journcy, towards Shcikhan. I was no
with old friends. We had spent the first day of our jo
leaving Mosul two years ago, in the house of Toma, the Ch
Kiayah of Tel Eskoff; we now eat bread with him the last on
return. In the afternoon, as we rode towards Tel Kef, I left ¢
high road with Hormuzd to drink water at some Arab tents,
As we approached we were greeted with exclumations of joy,
and were soon in the midst of a crowd of men and women, kissi
our knees, and exhibiting other tokens of welcome. They were
Jebours, who had been employed in the excavations. Hearin
that we were again going to dig after old stones, they at onee
set about striking their tents to join us at Mosul or Nimroud.
As we neared Tel Kef we found groups of my old superintend-—
ents and workmen by the road side. There were fat Tom

Cuar. HL] A HAPPY MEETING, 59

Mansour, Behnan, and Hannah, joyful at mecting me once more,
and at the prospect of fresh service. In the village we found Mr.
Rassam (the vice-consul) and Khodja Toma, his dragoman, who
hd made ready the feast for us at the house of the Chaldwan
bishop. Next morning, as we rode the throe last hours of our
journey, we met fresh groups of familiar faces :—Merjan, with my
old groom holding the stirrup ready for me to mount, the noble
animal looking as beautiful, as fresh, and as sleek as when I last
saw him, although two long years-had passed; former servants,
‘Awad and the Shei of the Jebours, even the very greyhounds
who had been brought up under my roof. Then as we ascend an
eminence midway, walls, towers, minarete, and domes rise boldly
from the margin of the broad river, cheating us into the belief, too
soon to be dispelled, that Mosul is still a not unworthy representa
tive of the great Nineveh, As we draw near, the long line of
lofty mounds, the only remains of mighty bulwarks and spacious
gates, detach themselves from the low undulating hills: now the
vast mound of Kouyunjik overtops the surrounding heaps; then
above it peers the white cone of the tomb of the prophet Jonah ,
many other well-remembered spots follow in rapid succession; but
we cannot linger. Hastening over the creaking bridge of boats, we
force our way through the crowded bazar, and alight at the house
TI had left two years ago. Old servants take their places as a
matter of course, and, uninvited, pursue their regular occupations
aa if they had never been interrupted. Indeed it seemed as if we
had but returned from a summer's ride; two years had passed away
like a dream.

T may in this place add a few words on part of the route pur-
sued by Xenophon and the Ten Thousand during their memo=
rable retreat, the identification of which had been one of my
principal objects during our journcy. I have, in the course of my
narrative, already pointed out one or two spots signalled by re-
markable events on their march.

T must first state my conviction that the parasang, like ita repre=
sentative the modern farsang or farsakh of Persia, was not a
measure of distance very accurately determined, but rather indi-
cated a certain amount of time employed in traversing a given
space. ‘Travellers are well aware that the Persian farsakh varies
considerably according to the nature of the country, and the usual
modes of conveyance adopted by its inhabitants, In the plains of
Khorassan and central Persia, where mules and horses are chiefly
used by caravans, it is equal to about four miles, whilst in the

Pe ea ee

the same distance. That Xenophon reckoned by the

mode of computation of the country is evident by his.

almost always, the Persian “ parasang” instead of
was the same as the n

being given as six
crak terete

ants of the country, and by the authoritie of the Ti
road. The si

ford in this part of the river, and must, from the n

bed of the stream, have been so from the earliest

about twenty-five miles from the confluence of the Zab,

‘A march of twenty-five stadia, or nearly three miles, in the

of Larizea, would have brought them to the Ghazir, or

and this stream was, T have little doubt, the deep valley

ce the torrent where Mithridates, venturing to attack 1
treating army, was signally defeated.t This action too

eight wails beyond the ral the Dewan oareaee ;

neglected to intercept Ron when endeavoring to ¢

the difficult ravine, in which they would most prob

been entangled. A short march of three parasangs, or h

brought them to Larissa, the modern Nimroud. The

could not have crosed the Zab above the spot I have

as the bed of the river is deep, and confised within high

banks. They might haye done 80 delow the junction of

Ghazir, and a ravine worn by winter rains may with

the valley mentioned by Xenophon, but I think the Ghazir far

more likely to have been the torrent ed Viewsiie aay

* Mr. Ainsworth would take the Grecks wp to the modern ferry, whore there
could never have been a ford, and which would have been some miles out of
their route, (Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand.)

eee a ae that they marced ther of the dy. ‘After the:

merely says reat |
barney could scarcely haye advanced more than three parasangs, or nine

Cnar. TL) ‘XENOFHON’S RETREAT, 61

alarm by the Greek commander, and the passage of which Mith=
ridates might have disputed with some prospect of success.*

That Larissa and Mespila are represented by the ruins of
Nimroud and Kouyunjik no one can reasonably doubt. Xeno-
phon’s description corresponds most accurately withthe ruins and
poe il he Grocks seh four and

From Mespila parasangs and probably
halted near the modern village of Batnai, between Tel Kef and
Tel Eskof, an ancient site exactly four hours, by the usual cara~
van road, from Kouyunjik. Many ancient mounds around Batnai
mark the remains of those villages, from which, after having re-

pulsed the Persian forces under Tissaphernes and Orontas, the
eee obtained an abundant supply of provisions. Instead of
fording the Khabour near ita junction with the Tigris, and thus
avoiding the hills, they crossed them by » precipitous: pass to the
site of the modern Zakko. They reached this range in four days,
traversing it on the fifth, probably by the modern caravan road.
The distance from Batnai to Zakko, according to the Turkish post,
is twenty hours. This would give between four and five hours, or
parasangs, a day for the march of the Greeks, the distance they
usually performed. They were probably much retarded during
the last day, by having to fight their way over three distinct moun-
tain ridges. It is remarkable that Xenophon does not mention
the Kbabour, although he must have crossed that river either by
a ford or by a bridge f before reaching the plain. Yet the stream
is broad and rapid, and the fords at all times deep. Nor does
he allude to the Hazel, a confluent of the Khabour, to which he
came during his first day's mnrch,vafter: leaving Zakko. ‘These
omissions prove that he docs not give an accurate itinerary of
Lis route.

Four days’ march, tho first of only sixty stadia, or about seven
wiles, brought the Greeks to the high mountains of Kurdistan,
which, meeting the Tigris, shut out all further advance except by
difficult and precipitous passes, already occupied by the Persians.

* In Chapter X. will be se some furthor remarks on this subject; many
reasons, based upon feo teseeridabty may be ndduced for the probability
«Neer peer pper ford,

+ He Fo Ssee tes eed tiara road ever the pees and teh iad too
the spur, in onder to cross the Khabour by a bridge or ferry. It must be re=
membered that it was winter, and that the rivers were consequently swollen,

} This hale, after so short a day's march, may have been occasioned by the
Hazel, ‘The distance corresponds with sufficient accuracy,

to Lydia and Tonia; and a fourth across the
Carduchians, or Kurdistan. The tribes infesting

bitants of the low country, when they were at peace
governor residing in the plain, and such has been prec
case with their descendants to this day. This route was,
preferred, as it led into Armenia, a country from which they
choose their own road to the sea, and.which abounded in vil
and the necessaries of life.

‘The Greeks appear to have followed the route taken by
‘Murad in hie expedition against Baghdad, and, recently, by
the Turkish forces sent against Beder Khan Bey; in faet, |
great natural highway from the remotest period between
ern Armenia and Assyria. Beyond the Carduchian mo
there were, according to the prisoners, two roads into A
‘one crossing the head waters of the principal branch of the Tj
the other going round them ; that is, leaving them to the Ie
‘These are the roads to this day followed by caravans, one
the plains of sag hoa ape and thence, by :
mountain-passes to it, the other passing through
Xenophon chose the latter. The villages in the
recesses of the mountains are still found around Funduk; :

Cuar. UL] XENOPHON'S RETREAT, 63

a
the eastern branch of the aetbed| ic iden exc

‘Tilleh, aa the river, narrowed between rocky banks, is no longer
fordable higher up. The Grecks came upon the Centritis soon
after leaving the Carduchian mountains.

‘The direct and most practicable road would now have been along
the river banks to Bitlist, Tntiowing to teeters incursions of

* It is a matter of surprise that Cyrus should have chosen the very middle
‘of summer for his expedition into Babylonia, and still more wonderful that the
Grecks, unused to the intense hents of Mesopotamia, and encumbered with their
heavy arms and armour, should have been able to brave the climate. No
‘Turkish or Persian commander would in these days venture to undertake a

against the Arabs in this season of the year; for, besides the heat, the
water would be almost an insurmountable

CHAP. IV

STATE OF THE UXCAVATIONS ON MY RETURN TO MOSUL, — DISCOVERIES AT KOU
XUNIK. — TUNNELS IV THE MOUND, — BAE-ROLINTS KECKMSKNTDNG ANSYRIAR
CONQUESTS, — A WELL, —SIRGR OF A CITY.— NATURE OF SCULETURES AT
‘KOUYUNJIX,—ARRANGEMENTS POR BENEWAL OF EXCAVATIONS. —DESCHIPTION
OF MOUND.—KIAMIL PASIA,—VISIT TO SIUKIXM ADI—YEXIDI CEREMONTS—=
SEH IPT — REE MEETING. — ONS OF TIER Woe’. — RAVIAN. —
‘CENNMONY GY THU KAIDI.— SACKED PORM OF TUK TEIUM. TR noc
‘TRINES.—~JEMMAITAM, —RETUMN TO MOSUL.

pth ears Mel a enn Se
to Kouyunji reader may remember that, on my return
to Europe in 1847, Mr, Ross tid ccttimaed tio reserohon i 1k

nar, IV.) SCULPTURES DISCOVERED,

alabaster. This entrance led into a further room, of which only a
emall part had been explored.* The walls were panelled with
unesulptured sla of i sevnd comer imientone
‘The saul eae aseastiy Si Dato cacoeet fe the

Kouyunjik had been reached by digging down to them from the
parla, and hee aye rubbish. After the departure of
‘Mr. Ross, the accumulation of earth above the ruins had become
poping ntti Bye peti
men, to avoid the labor of clearing it away, began to tunnel
along the walls, sinking shafts at intervals to admit light and air,
‘The hardness of the soil, mixed with pottery, bricks, and remains
of buildings raised at various times over the buried ruins of
the Assyrian palace, rendered this process easy and safe wilh
ordinary care and precaution, The subterrancous passages were
narrow, and were propped up when necessary either by leaving
columns of earth, nz in mines, or by wooden beams, These long

in their dark recesses, were singularly picturesque.

Toma Shishman had removed the workmen from the southern
corner of the mound, where the sculptures were much eee
and had opened tunnels in apart of the
plored, commencing where I had left off on my departure from

discovered, though ouly partly explored, during my former re~
searches. ¢ The sculptures, faintly seen caine eee were
still well enough preserved to give a complete hi of the
subject represented, although, with the rest of the mae liefs of
Kouyunjik, the fire had nearly turned them to lime, and had

* No. LI. Plan 1.
t At No. VI same plan, The chambers marked with letters in the Plan of

rE
z z
L

‘The vanquished turn to ask for
the feet of the advancing

z
i

on a
quaintance with the cuneiform character —be found in ¢)
inscriptions on the bulls containing the history of the wars

invaded by the royal builder of the palace. The drees of the men
consists of a short tunic; that of the women, of « shirt falling to
the ankles, and out low in front of the neck.*

In the side of the hall sculptured with these bas-reliefs was a wide
portal, formed by a pair of gigantic haman-headed bulls.t They
had suffered, like all those previously discovered, from the fire, and
the upper part, the wings and human head, had been completely
destroyed. The lower half had, however; escaped, and the i:
tions were consequently nearly entire. Joined to the forepart of
the bulls were four small figures, two on each side, and one above the
other. They had long hair, falling in large and massive curls on their
shoulders, wore short tunics descending to the knee, and held a
pole topped by a kind of cone in one hand, raising the other as in
act of adoration$ At right angles with the slabs bearing these
ere ake Se eee ay Te crepe One

In this entrance a well, cut through the large pavement slab
between the bulls, was afterwards discovered. It contained broken
pottery, not one yase having been taken out whole, apparently
human remains, and some fragments of calcined tured alabaster,
evidently detached from the bas-reliefs on the It is doubt-
ful whether this well was sunk after the Assyrian ruins had been
buried, or whether it had been from the earliest times a place of
deposit for the dead. The remains of bas-reliefs found in it, ata
considerable depth, show that it must have been filled up after the
destruction of the Assyrian palace; and, as no such wells exist
in similar entrances, I am inclined to believe that, like many
others discovered during the excavations, it had been made by
those who built on the mound above the ancient ruins. When
sinking the shaft they probably met with the pavement slab,
and eut through it. It appears to have been afterwards choked
hy the falling in of the rubbish through which it had been

* Two plates from these spirited sculptures arc given in the 2d series of the
‘Monuments of Nineveh, Plates 37, 38. They represent the battle, and part of
the aD

in the British Museum, and sce 2d series
6.

Hu ae

w
had been

and
housetops. Male and female captives

ent off; the victorious warriors according
bably to claim a reward }, bringing them to

Jed horses and body-guard of the king was

that part of the bas-relief containing hin
ly standing in his chariot, had been destroyed.
ind were wooded mountains; vines and

FER
fal

EeEE

st garmen
or veil covered the back of the head, and
Above the castle was the fragment of an ii
in two lines, containing the name of the city, of which
tunately the first character is w: It reads: “ The

z
k

» « alammo Iattacked and captured ; I carried away its spoil.”

+ No. XIV. same plan,

‘Cnar. 1Y.) SCULPTURES DESCRIBED, 73

name, however, corresponding with it has yet been found in the
royal annals, and we can only infer, from the nature of the
country represented, that the place was in a mountainous district
to the north of Assyria.* Itis remarkable that in this chamber,
pt fo others aParwa arolece amo Steals {cea
| the entrance) had been purposely defaced, every vestige of sculp-
| ture having been carefully removed by a sharp instrument.
Returning to the great hall, I found that a third outlet had
been discovered, opening, however, to the west. This entrance
had been guarded by six colossul figures, three on each side, The
upper part of all of them had been destroyed. They appear to
have been eagle-headed and lion-headed monsters.t
‘This doorway led into a narrow passage, one side of which had
alone been excavated; on it was represented the siege of a walled
city, divided into two parts by « river. One half of the place
had been captured by the Assyrians, who had gained possession
of the towers and battlements, but that on the opposite bank of
the stream was still defended by slingers and bowmen. Against
its walls had been thrown banks or mounds, built of stones, bricks,
and branches of trees.{ The battering-rams, covered with skins
or hides looped together, had been rolled up these inclined ways,
and had already made a breach in the fortifications, Archers and
spearmen were hurrying to the assault, whilst others were driving
off the captives, and carrying away the idols of the enemy. The
dress of the male prisoners consisted of a plain under-shirt, an
upper garment falling below the kneos, divided in the front
and buttoned at the neck, and laced greaves. Their hair and
beards were shorter and less elaborately curled than those of the
Assyrians, The women were distinguished by high rounded
turbans, ornamented with plaits or folds, A veil fell from the
back of this headdress over the shoulders. § No inscription re-
mained to record the name of the vanquished nation. Their
castles stood in a wooded and mountainous country, and their
* As’ much of the bas-relief as could be moved is now in the British

‘Museum; see also 2d series of the Monuments of Nineveh, Plate 39,
+ Entrance i, No, VI. Plan I.

the subject being frequently confined to one tablet,
arranged with some attempt at composition, 60 a8 to
rate picture. At Kouyunjik the four walls of a
Se ee ee cpresent
secutive hitry, uninterrupted by inciptions, or by
in the alabaster panelling, Figures, emaller in size
Nimroud, covered from top to bottom the face of slabs,

pega Satya pict. He aimed even acloaanayieg
representations of trees, valleys, mountains, and rivers, a g
idea of the natural features of the country in which

a |

Caar. IV.) BAS-RELIEFS OF KOUYUNdIK, 15

great inscriptions carved upon the bulls, at the various entrances
to the palace, and embracing a general chronicle of the reign of
the king. At Kouyunjik there were probably fow bas-reliofs, par-
ticularly those containing representations of castles and cities, that
were not accompanied by a short epigraph or label, giving the name
of the conquered king and country, and even the names of the
principal prisoners, especially if royal personages. Unfortunately
these inseriptions haying been usually placed on the upper part of
the slabs, which has very rarely escaped destruction, but few of
them remain, These remarks should be borne in mind to enable
the reader to understand the descriptions of the excayated cham-
bers at Kouyunjik, which will be given in the following pages in the
order that they were discovered.

T lost no time in making arrangements for continuing the exca-
vations with az much activity as the funds granted to the Trustees
of the British Museum would permit. Toma Shishman was placed
over Kouyunjik; Mansour, Behnan (the marble cutter), and Hannah
(the carpenter), agnin entered my service. Ali Rahal, a sheikh of
the Jebours, who, hearing of my return, had hastened to Mosul,
was sent to the desert to collect such of my old workmen from
his tribe as were inclined to re-enter my service. He was ap-
pointed “ sheikh of the mound,” and duly invested with the cus-
tomary robe of honor on the occasion.

‘The accumulation of soil above the ruins was so great, that I
determined to continue the tunnelling, removing only as much
earth as was necessary to show the sculptured walla But to
facilitate the labor of the workmen, and to ayoid the necessity of
their leaving the tunnels to empty their baskets, I made a number
of rnde triangles and wooden pulleys, by which the excavated
rubbish could be raisod by ropes through the shafts, sunk at
intervals for this purpose, as well as to admit light and air. One
or two passages then sufficed for the workmen to descend into the
subterranean zt

Many of the Nestorians formerly in my service as diggers,
haying also heard of my intended return, had left their mountains,
and had joined me a day or two after my arrival. There were
Jebours enough in the immediate neighbourhood of the town to
make up four or five gangs of excavators, and I placed parties at
once in the galleries already opened, in different parts of Kou-
yunjik not previously explored, and at a high mound in the north-
West walls, forming one side of the great inclosure opposite

NINEVEM AND BABYLON
Mosul —a rain which T had only partially

part ; in consequence probably of the ruins
belonging toa preceding he J
still erected over the older Assyrian

their sides vast masses of solid brick masonry, which |
when undermined by the rains, Through these
carried the steep and narrow pathways leading to the top.
mound, 1 SR eghaaleccthae aemiiag >

Caar, TV.) RIAMIL PASHA. a7

the very foundations of the artificial platform of earth on which the
edifices were erected, they afford the best places to commence ex-
perimental tunnels,

The Khauser winds round the eastern base of Kouyunjik, and
leaving it near the occupied by the ruins of the runs
in o direct line to ‘Tigris, Although @ small and sluggish
etream, it haa worn for itself a deep bed, and is only fordable near
the mound immediately below the southern corner, where the
direct road from Mosul crosses it, and at the northern extremity
where a flour mill is turned by its waters, After rain it becomes
an impetuous torrent, overflowing its banks, and carrying all before
it, It then rises very eudidenly, and as euddenly subsides. The
‘Tigris now flows about halfa mile from the mound, but once
undoubtedly washed its base. Between them is a rich alluvium
deposited by the river during its gradual retreat; it is always
under cultivation, and is divided into corn fields, and melon and
cucumber beds.* In this plain stands the small modern village
of Kouyunjik, removed for convenience from its ancient site on
the summit of the mound. Round the foot of the platform are
thickly scattered fragments of pottery, brick, and stone, fallen
from the ruins above.

In Mosul I had to call upon the governor, and renew my ac-
quaintance with the principal inhabitants, whose good will was in
some way necessary to the pleasant, if not succeasful, prosecution
of my labors. Kiamil Pasha had been lately named to the pashalic,
He was the sixth or seventh pasha who had been appointed since
I had left, for it is one of the banes of Turkish administration that,
ag soon a3 an officer becomes acquainted with the country he is
sent to govern, and obtains any influence over its inhabitants, he is
recalled to make room for a new ruler. Kiamil had been ambas-
sador at Berlin, and had visited several European courts, Hig
manners were eminently courteous and polished ; his intelligence,

* The river Tigris flows in this part of its course, and until it reaches Saimar-
rah, on the confines of Babylonia, through a valley varying from one to two
miles in width, bounded on both sides by low limestone and conglomerate hills.
Its bed has been undergoing a continual and regular change. When it reaches
the hills on one side, it is back by this barrier, and creeps gradually to
the opposite side, leaving w rich alluvial soil quickly covered with jungle
‘This process it bas been repeating, backwards and forwards, for countless
ages, and will continue to repeat as long as it drains the great highlands of
Armenia. At Nimroud itis now gradually returning to the base of the mound,
which it deserted some three thousand years ago; but centuries must elapse be-
fore it can work its way that far.

some checks stint feamacta extortion.

cavate was now too well established to admit of

my visit to the Pasha was rather one of fri

Thad known him at ae ates a eee eee h
when gover

ove aftcr ny arcval my old ends Sheik A
the Abou Salman, and Abd-rubbou, chief of the
the town to see me. The former
lis claims upon Mohammed Pasha,
government, had not been paid, and by the new
administration introduced into the pashalic since
his old pasture grounds near Nimroud had been taken’
tribe, and made “ miri,” or public property. The Jeb
Abd-rubbou, were encamping in the desert to the so
He offered to accompany me to Kalah Shorghat, or
Bee aoe a veins to exantiio, Sid «(Mlle sSue Sasa
friendship.
ited) teucely wetted moped ia the towne Vieni
came in from Baadri, with a party of Yezidi Cawals, to in
of Hussein Bey and Sheikh Nasr, to the
Adi, The invitation was too earnest to be

explaini

curred at Constantinople, and of offering them a few
advice as to their future conduct. The Jebour workmen,
not yet moved their tents to Nimroud or Mosul, and the
tions had consequently not been actively resumed.

Twas necompanied in this visit by my own party, with the ad-
dition of BM. Ree tassam, the vico-consul, and hia dragoman, We rode
the first day to i, and were met on the road by Husecin Bey

Oar, 1V-] SURIKEK ADI REVISITED 79

and a large company of Yezidi horsemen. Sheikh Nasr had
already gane to the tomb, to make ready for the ceremonies. The
young chief entertained us for the night, and on the following
morning, an hour after sunrise, we left the village for Sheikh Adi.
At some distance from the sacred valley we were met by Sheikh
Nasr, Pir Sino, the Cawala, the priests, and the chiefs. They
conducted us to the eame building in the sacred grove that I had
occupied on my former visit. The Cawals assembled around us
and welcomed our coming on their tumbourines and flutes; and
soon shout ta epee one of those cingularly beautiful and
picturesque groups which I have attempted to describe in my pre-
vious account of the Yezidi festival.”

‘The Yezidis had assembled in leas numbers this year than when
Thad last met them in the valley. Only a few of the best armed
of the people of the Sinjar had ventured to face the dangers of the
pied rbclba Pere) RE oleate
herents were occupied in defending their villages against the
Arab marauders, who, although repulsed after we quitted Semil,
were still hanging about the district, bent upon revenge. The
Kochers, and the tribes of Dereboun, were kept away by the same
fears. The inhabitants of Kherzan and Redwan were harrassed by
the conscription. Even the people of Baasheikhah and Baazani had
been so much vexed by a recent visit from the Pasha that they
had no heart for festivities. His Excellency not fosteting feelings
of the most friendly nature towards Namik Pasha, the new com-
sonndeucin chlod &cafiat wha wee ‘passing throngh Mosul on his
way to the head-quarters of the army at Baghdad, and unwilling to
entertain him, was euddenly taken ill and retired for the benefit of
his health to Baasheikhah. On the morning after his arrival he
complained that the asses by their braying during the night had
allowed him no rest ; and the asses were accordingly peremptorily
banished from the village. The dawn of the next day was an-
nounced, to the great discomfort of his Excellency, who had no
interest in the matter, by the cocks; and the irregular troops who
formed his body-guard were immediately incited to a genera.
slaughter of the race, The third night his sleep was disturbed
by the erying of the children, who, with their mothers, were
at once locked up, for the rest of his sojourn, in the cellars. On
the fourth he was awoke at daybreak by the chirping of sparrows,

* Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. ch, ix.

nar, IV.) SHEIKI JINDI. al

and every gun in the village was ordered to be

to wage a war of extermination against them. But on

morning his rest was sorely broken by the flies, and the enraged
Pasha insisted upon their instant destruction. The Kiayah, who,
a chief of the village, had the task of carrying out the Governor's
orders, now threw himaelf at his Excellency's feet, exclaiming,
“Your Highness has seen that all the animals here, praise be to
God, obey our Lord the Sultan; the infidel flies alone are rebel-
lious to his authority. Tam aman of low degree and small power,
and can do nothing against them; it now behoves a great: Vizir
Jike your Highness to enforce the commands of our Lord and
Master.” The Pasha, who relished a joke, forgave the flies; but
left the village.

Thave already 0 fully described the general nature of the an-
nual festival at Sheikh Adi, and the appearance of the yalley on
that occasion, that I shall confine myself to an account of such
ceremonics as I was now permitted to witness for the first time.

About an honr after sunsot, Cawal Yusuf summoned Hormuzd
and myself, who were alone allowed to be present, to the inner
yard, or sanctuary, of the Temple. We were placed ina room
from the windows of which we could see all that took place in
the court, The Cawals, Sheikhs, Fakirs, and principal chiofs
were already assembled. In the centre of the court was an iron
lamp, with four burners —a simple dish with four lips for the wicks,
supported on a sharp iron rod driven into the ground. Near it
stood a Fakir, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other
a large vessel of oil, from which he, from time to time, re-
plenished the lamp, loudly invoking Sheikh Adi. The Cawals
stood against the wall on one side of the court, and commenced a
slow chant, some playing on the flute, others on the tambourine,
and accompanying the measure with their voice. The Sheikhs
and chiefs now formed a procession, walking two by two. At
their head was Sheikh Jindi, He wore a tall shaggy black cap,
the hair of which hung fir over the upper part of his fuce. A
long robe, striped with horizontal stripes of black and dark red,
fell to his feet. A countenance more severe, and yet more im-
posing, than that of Sheikh Jindi could not well be pictured by
the most fanciful imagination. A beard, black as jet, waved low
on his breast; his dark piercing eyes glittered through ragged eye-
brows, like burning coals through the bars of a grate. The color

NINEVEH AND BABYLON,

was of the deepest brown, his teeth white as
tures, though stern beyond measure, sing 1
ell formed. It was a by-word with us that Sh

been ween to emile. To look at him was to fi

3 8
=
i

&
z

EEEEE
i

could not be born in him. As he moved, with
solemn step, the flickering lamp deepening the

and rugged countenance, it would have been it
eonecive a being more eminently fitted to take the
monies consecrated to the evil one. He is the P
leader of prayer,” to the Yezidi sect. Behind him were
rable shelkha ‘They were followed by Hussein Bey and
Nasr, and the other chiefs and Sheikhs came after.

Rpeihhs Swe HDgh Prieto Up Tonite

robes were all of the purest white. As they walked slowly rot
sometimes stopping, then resuming their measured step, ¢
chanted prayers in glory and honor of the Deity, The Cay

Cuar. IV.) AN ASSEMBLY OF YEZIDIS. 83

accompanied the chant with their flutes, beating at intervals the
tambourines. Round the burning lamp, and within the cirele formed
by the procession, danced the Fakirs er ee with
solemn pace timed to the music, Epp eee swinging to and fro
their arms after the fashion of Eastern dancers, and aslo oaks
aclves in attitudes not loss decorous than elegant. To hymns in
praise of the Deity succeeded others in honor of Melek Isa and
Shoikh Adi. The chants pnased into quicker strains, the tam-
hourines were beaten more frequently, the Fakirs became more
active in their motions, and the women made the lond fahiel, the
ceremonies ending with that extraordinary scene of noise and ex-
citement that Ihave attempted to describe in relating my first
visit. When the prayers were ended, those who marched in pro-
cession kissed, as they passed by, the right side of the

leading into the temple, where a serpent is figured on the wall;
but not, as I was assured, the image itself, which has no typical or
other meaning, according to Sheikh Nasr and Cawal Yusuf,
Hussein Bey then placing himself on the step at this entrance,
received the homage of the Sheikhs and elders, each touching the
hand of the young chief with his own, and raising it to his lips,
All present, afterwards, gave one another the kiss of peace.

‘The ceremonies having thua been brought to a close, Hussein
Bey and Sheikh Nasr came to me, and led me into the inner court.
Carpets had been spread at the doorway of the temple for myself
and the two chiefs; the Sheikhs, Cawals, and principal people of
the sect, seated themselves, or rather crouched, against the walls.
By the light of a lamp, dimly breaking the gloom within the
temple, I could see Sheikh Jindi unrobing. During the prayers,
priests were stationed at the doorway, and none were allowed to
enter except a few women and girls: the wives and daughters of
sheikhs and cawals had free access to the building, and appeared to
join in the ceremonies. The Vice-Consul and Khodja Toma were
now admitted, and took their places with us at the upper end of
the court, Cawal Yusuf was then called upon to give a full
account of the result of his mission to Constantinople, which he
did with the same detail, and almost in the came worde, that he had
used so frequently during our journey. After he had concluded, I
endeavored to point out to the chiefs that by the new con-
cessions made to them, liberty of conscience and the enjoyment
of property were, if not completely secured, at least fully re-

BAR

should be sent to the Grand. Vizir, Reshid Pasha, for

: PEPLEE)
sastha] Wa Epineg hh, |
BNE ee rata teeta

Cray, TV.) PESTIVITIES AT SHEIKH ADI. 85

protection. The proposed alternative caused much merriment ; but
one of the old Sheikhs of Banzani at once consented to take
300 piasters (about 22 10s.) for his daughter, instead of 3000,
which he bad previously asked. This led to several betrothals on
the spot, amidst much mirth and great applause on the part of
such young Cawals as were anxious to get married. It was
nearly midnight before the assembly broke up. We then went
into the outer court, where dances were kept up until late in
the morning, by the light of torches; all the young men and
women joining in the Debka.

Soon after sunrise on the following morning the Sheikha and
Cawals offered up a short prayer in the court of the temple, but
without any of the ceremonies of the previous evening. Some
prayed in the sanctuary, frequently kissing the threshold and
holy places within the building. When they had ended they
took the green cloth covering from the tomb of Sheikh Adi,
and, followed by the Cawals playing on their tambourines and
flutes, walked with it round the outer court. The people flocked
about them, and reyerently carried the corner of the
to their lips, making afterwards a small offering of money.
Aftee the cover had been again thrown over the tomb, the
chiefs: and priests seated themselves round the inner court. The
Fakirs and Sheikhs especially devoted to the service of the sanc-
tuary, who are called Kotcheks, now issued from the kitchens
of the temple bearing large platters of smoking harisa*, which
they placed on the ground. The company collected in hungry
groups round the messes, and whilst they were eating, the Kotcheks
peered upon martes ina Meee to par-
take of the hospitality of Sheikh Adi. After the em tes
had been removed, a collection was made towards the sen of
the temple and tomb of the saint, It is also customary for all
families who come to the annual festival to send some dish as an

* A mixture of brused wheat, chopped meat, milk and curds, boiled into a
thick pulpy masa, over which melted butter is poured. It isa favorite dish in
Syria and Mesopotamia, and is cooked by fainilies on great festivals, or on
certain days of the yeur, in consequence of vows made during sickness or in
travel. On these occasions it is sent round to friends, and distributed amongst
the poor. ‘The wealthy sprinkle it with cinnamon and sugar, and It Is thon
agreoable to the taste, and palatable enough. It is sold early in the morning in
the bazars of many Eastern towns,

iu ait |
il Pane : a HA eee ee

husbands, is young * alk arm in
us, to the great amusement of the bystanders.
temple, and I was allowed to sleep in the room over!
court from whence I had witnessed them on the
After all had retired to rest, the Yezidi Mullah

kept up a running fire for nearly half an hour,
the outer court and again let off their
‘stands on

nar. IV] POEM OF SHEIKH ADL 89

rocks and ledges, whilst the boys clamber into the high trees, from
whence they can obtain a yiew of the proceedings. ‘The women
make the ¢aflel without ceasing, and the valley resounds with the
deafening noise. The long white garments fluttering amongst the
troca, cies gay bende oF ae the groups, produce a very
beautiful and novel effect.

‘The Kaidi were formerly a powerful tribe, sending as many as
six hundred matchlock-men to the great feast. They have been
greatly reduced in numbers and wealth by wars and oppression,

Cawal Yusuf had promised, on the oceasion of the festival, to
show me the sacred book of the Yezidis, He accordingly brought
a volume to me one morning, accompanied by the secretary of
Sheikh Nasr, the only Yezidi, as far as I am aware, who could
read it. It consisted of a few tattered leaves, of no ancient
date, containing « poetical rhapsody on the merits and attributes
of Sheikh Adi, who is identified with the Deity himself, as the
origin and creator of all things, though evidently distinguished
from the Eternal Essence by being represented as seeking the truth,
and as reaching through it the highest place, which he declares to
be attainable by all those who like him shall find the truth. I
will, however, give a translation of this singular poom, for which
T am indebted to Mr, Hormuzd Raseam.*

‘Tux Recrrariox (on Pars) or Snarxa Ant—Psace ne urox mu!

1. My understanding surrounds the truth of things,

2. And my truth is mixed up in me.

3. And the trath of my descent is set forth by itself f;
4. And when it was known it was altogether in me.f
5, All who are in the universe are under me,

* The year after my visit to Sheikh Adi this poem was shown, through Mr.
C. Rassam, to the Rey. Mr. Badger, who has also given a translation of it in the
first volume of bis “ Nestorian and their Rituals.” The translation in the text
was, however, made before Mr. Badger’s work was published. That gentleman is
mistaken in stating that “ Sheikh Adi is one of the names of the Deity in the

theology of the Yezidis," and “‘that be is held by them to be the good deity,”
for in the fifty-eighth verse the Sheikh is expressly made to aay, “The All-
merciful has dis ‘ished me with names;" and the Yezidis always admit hin
to be but agreat prophet, or Vicegerent of the Almighty.
Or, Lamcome of myself.”
to Mr, Bulger, “ Lhave not known evil to be with me,” but
ne to the Sheikh’s vcli-oxistence,

And I
12,
18. And Lam he who

SESE
fit

And
And I am he
And
And

ERE

EE
mie

Cuar, 1V.J POEM OF SHEIKIE ADI. 7 a

36. Raging, and I shouted against him and he became stone.
37. And I am he to whom the serpent came,

38. And by my will I made him dust.

39. And I am he who struck the rock and made it tremble,

40. And made to burst from its side the sweetest of waters.

41, And I am he who sent down the certain truth. .

42. From me (is) the book that comforteth the oppressed.

43. And Iam he who judged justly ;

44, And when I judged it was my right.

45. And I am he who made the springs to give water,

46. Sweeter and plensanter than all waters,

47, And I am he that caused it to appear in my mercy,

48. And by my power I called it the pure (or the white).

49. And I am he to whom the Lord of Heaven hath said,

50, Thou art the Just Judge, and the ruler of the earth (Bat‘hai).
51. And I am he who disclosed some of my wonders.

52, And some of my virtues are manifested in that which exists

63, And I am he who caused the mountuins to bow,

54. To move under me, and at my will.

58. And T am he before whose awful majesty the wild beasts cried :
56. They turned to me worshipping, and kissed my feet.

57. And Tam Adi Es-shami (or, of Damascus), the son of Moosafir.*
58. Verily the All-Merciful has assigned unto me names,

59. The heavenly throne, and the seat, and the seven (heavens) and

the carth-f

60. In the eecret of my knowledge there is no God but me.

61. These things are subservient to my power.

62. And for which state do you deny my guidance.t

63. Oh men! deny me not, but submit 5

64. In the day of Judgment you will be happy in meeting me.

65. Who dics in my love I will cast him

66, Tn the midst of Paradise by my will and pleasure;
. 67. But he who dies unmindful of me,

68. Will be thrown into torture in misery and aflliction.§

69. I say that I am the only one and the exalted ;

70. Lereate and make rich those whom I will.

* There 1s some doubt about this passage; Mr. Badger has translated it,
“Tam Adi of the mark, a wanderer.”

Guided by the spirit of the passage, I prefer, however, Mr. Rassam’s version
which agrees with the common tradition amongst the Yexidis, with whom Sheikh
Moosafir is 4 venerated personage. His mother was « woman of Husrah, He
was never married.

+ “ And my seat and throne are the wide-spread earth." — Mr. Badger.

} Or, “O mine enemies, why do you deny me?"

§ Or, “ Shall be punished with my contempt and rod." — Mr, Badger,

Sh rm ty

books which were lost

certain that there is not a copy at Bansheikhah or
uecount given by the Cawal seems to be confirmed by
made in the above poem to the “ Book of Glad Ti
«the Book that comforteth the oppressed,” which

x Th te ofthe Yecbdis enous of a reed blown at one end. Te
sweet and mellow, and some of their melodies-very plaintive, —

(nar, IY.) -OREED OF THE YEZIDIS. 93

including the Yezidis (this is evidently a modern interpolation
derived from Mussulman sources, perhaps invented to conciliate the
Mahommedans),

All who go to heaven must first pasa an expintory period in
hell, but no. one will be punished poner Matec iean then
exclude from all future Fife, but not Christians Cts may hve
been said to avoid giving offence.)

' The Yezidis will not receive converts to their faith; cdreumeision
is optional. When a child is born near enough to the tomb of
Sheikh Adi, to be taken there without great inconvenience or
danger, it should be baptized as early as possible after birth. The
Cawals in their periodical visitations carry a bottle or skin filled

_ with the holy water, to baptize those children who cannot be
brought to the shrine,

‘There are forty days fast in the spring of the year, but they are
observed by few: one pereon in a family may fast for the rest."
They should abstain during that period as completely as the
Chaldwans from animal food. Sheikh Nasr fasts rigidly for one
month in the year, eating only once in twenty-four hours and
immediately after sunset,

Only one wife is strictly lawful, although the chief takes more;
but concubines are not forbidden. The wife may be turned away
for misconduct, and the husband, with the consent of the
Sheil may marry again; but the discarded wife never can.
Even such divorces ought only to be given in cases of adultery;
for formerly, when the Yexidis administered their own temporal
laws, the wife was punished with death, and the husband of course
was then released.

‘The religious, as well as the political, head of all Yezidis, where~
ever they may reside, is Hussein Bey, who is called the Kalifa,
and he holds this position by inheritance. As he is young and
inexperienced, he deputes his religious duties to Sheikh Nasr. He
should be the Peesi-Namaz, or leader of the prayers, during
sacred ceremonies; but aa a peculiar dress is worn on this occa~
sion, and the Bey is obliged to be in. continual intercourse with
the Turkish authorities, these robes might fall into their hands, and
they are, therefore, entrusted to Sheikh Jindi, who officiates for the

* This ‘me of the Belouins, who, when they come into a town ina
mosque 10 pray for his companions as well

young chief.* Sheikh Nasr is only the ol
district of Sheikhan. The Cawals are all

are never given in marriage to one out of the
rae Hussein Bey ought to take his wife

Beg.
After death, the body of a Yezidi, like that of
is washed in running water, and then buried with
towards the north star, A Cawal should be
mony, but if one cannot be found, the next who
Dourhood should pray over the grave. I have fr
funeral parties of Yezidis in their villages. The
white, throwing dust over her head, which is also
with clay, and accompanied by her female friends,
moumers dancing, with the sword or shield of her
hand, and long locks cut from her own hair in the

T have stated that it is unlawful amongst the Y¢
baile Mies Ra Le
their ignorance arises want of means and p
Formerly a Chaldean deacon used to instruct the ieee ‘

Cawal Yusuf mentioned accidentally, that, amongst the
the ancient name for God was Azed, and from it he
name of his sect. He confirmed to me the fact of #
Ziarch at Sheikh Adi being dedicated to the sun, who, 8
ia called by the Yezidis * Wakeel el Ardth” (the Licuten:
Governor of the world). They have no particular
fire; the poople pass their hands through the flame of the
at Sheikh Adi, merely because they belong to the tomb.
Kublah, he declared, was the polar star and not the enst.

On my way to Mosul from Sheikh Adi, I visited the ru
Jerraiyah, where excavations had been again carried on by

| Cuar. IV] JERRAIYAT. 95

| my agents. No ancient buildings were discovered. The prin

| cipal mound is lofty and conical in shape, and the base is sur-
rounded by smaller mounds, and irregularities in the eoil which
denote the remains of houses. I had not leisure during my resi«
dence in Assyria to examine the spot aa fully as it may deserve.

We were again in Mosul by the 12th of October.

my old workmen, had now brought their families

directed them to cross the river, and to pitch their t
excavations at Kouyunjik, as they had formerly done
trenches at Nimroud. The Bedouins, unchecked in

by the Turkish authorities, had become so bold, that
tured to the very walls of Mosul, and on the opposite
Tigris had plundered the cattle belonging to the inh
the village of the tomb of Jonah. On one occasion
Arab horseman of the desert dart into the high road, seize
and drive it off from amidst a crowd of spectators. This :
things made it necessary to have a strong party on the
self-defence. The Jebours were, however, on good t
the Bedouins, and had lately encamped amongst them.
it was suspected, that whilst Abd-rubbou and his tribe
than usually submissive in their dealings with the
ment, they were the receivers of goods carried off b

| eur ¥) “RETURN TO NIMEOUD, © 97

their intercourse with the town enabling them to dispose of such
property to the best advantage in the market-place,

About one hundred workmen, divided into twelve or fourteen
parties, were employed at Kouyunjik. The Arabs, as before, re-
-moved the earth and rubbish, whilst the more difficult labor with
the pick was left entirely to the Nestorian mountaincers. My
old friend, Yakoub, the Rais of Ashcetha, mado his .appearance
one morning, declaring that things were going on ill in the moun-
tains; and that, although the head of ‘a village, he hoped to spend
the winter more profitably and more pleasantly in my service. He
was accordingly named superintendent of the Tiyari workmen,
for whom I built mud huts near the foot of the mound.

‘The work having been thus began at Kouyunjik, I rode with
Hormuzd to Nimroud for the first time on the 18th of October,
It seemed but yesterday that we had followed the same track.
We stopped at cach village, and found in each old acquaintances
ready to welcome us. From the crest of the bill half way, the

1g boldly above the Jnif, the
river winding through the plain, the distant wreaths of smoke
marking the villages of Naifa and Nimroud. At Selamiyah we
songht the house of the Kiayah, where I had passed the firet
winter whilst exeayating at Nimroud; but it was now a house of
mourning. ‘The good old man had died two days before, and the
wails of the women, telling of a death within, met our cars as
we approached the hovel, Turning from the scene of woe, we
galloped oyer the plain, and reached Nimroud as the sun went
down. Saleh Shabir, with the elders of the village, was there to re-
ceive us I dismounted at my old house, which was still standing,
though somewhat in ruins, for it had been the habitation of the
Kiayah during my absence. Toma Shishman had, however, been
sent down the day before, and had made euch preparations for our
reception as the state of the place would permit. To avoid the
vermin ewarming in the rooms, my tent was pitched in the court-
yard, and I dwelt entirely in it.

‘The village had still, comparatively speaking, a flourishing ap-
pearance, and had not diminished in size since my last visit. ‘The
tanzimat, or d system of local administration, had been

‘ lic of Mosul, and although many of its

arbitrary acts were still occasionally

marked improvement had taken
n

toulptured slabs, had settled, and had left-unoovered in
part of several bas-reliefa A few colossal

upper

Sjaekiee calmly above the level of the soil, and
winged bulls, which had not been reburied on acco

mutilated condition, was all that remained above

furrowed by the plough, and ample crops had this
the labors of the husbandman. i h

daring my long absence.
Collecting together my old excavators from the §
Jehesh (the Arab tribes who inhabit Nimroud and

abedbailt® New trenches were also opened in the
centre palace, where, as yet, no sculptures had been |
eee ee “Ninovel andits Rem

| a

‘Cuar, V.) AN ALARM, 99

their original position against the walls. The high conical mound
forming the north-west corner of Nimroud, the pyramid as it has
usually been called, had always been an object of peculiar interest,
which want of means had hitherto prevented me fully examining.
With the excoption ofa shaft, about forty feet deep, sunk nearly in
the centre, and passing through a eolid masa ¢f sundried bricks, no
other opening had been made into this singular ruin, T now
ordered a tunnel to be carried into its base on the western face, and
on a level with the conglomerate rock upon which it rested.

Whilst riding among the ruins giving directions to the workmen,
we had not escaped the watchful eyes of the Abou-Salman Arabs,
whose tents were scattered over the Jaif. Not having heard of
my visit, and perceiving horsemen wandering over the mound,
they took us for Bedouin marauders, and mounting their ever-
ready mares, sallied forth to reconnoitre. Seeing Arabs galloping
over the plain I rode down to meet them, and soon found my-
self in the embrace of Schloss, the nephew of Sheikh Abd-ur-
Rahman. We turned together to the tents of the chief, still pitched
on the old encamping ground. The men, instead of fighting with
Bedouins, now gathered round us in the muzeef*, and a sheep
was slain to celebrate my return. The Sheikh himself was ab-
sent, having been thrown into prison by the Pasha fur refusing to
pay some newly-imposed taxes. I was able to announce his re~
Tease, at my intercession, to his wife, who received me as his guest,
The Sheikh of the Haddedeen Arabs, hearing that I was at the
Abou-Salinan camp, rode over with his people to seme, His
tents stood on the banks of the Tigris, and he had united with
Abd-ur-Rabman for mutual defence against the Bedouins.

As we returned to Nimroud in the evening, we stopped ata
small encampment in the Jaif, and buried beneath a heap of old
felts and sacks found poor Khalaf-el-Hussein, who had, in former
times, been the active and hospitable Sheikh of my Jebour work-
men at the mound. The world had since gone ill with him.
Struck down by fever, ho had been unable to support himeclf
and his family by labor, or other means open to an Arab, He
was in great poverty, and still helpless from disense. He rose
up as we rode to his tent, and not having heard of our arrival
was struck with astonishment and delight as he saw Hormuzd
and myself at its entrance. We gave him such help as was
in our power,-and he declared that the prospect of again being in
my service would soon prove the best remedy for his disease.

* The muzee is that part of an Arab tent in which gues are recived.
u

Hae ,

* Shortly after Col. Rawlinvon's departure, Capt, Newbold, of the Bast
ny’s service, spent a few days with me at Mosul. thor

gauge recal tobi recollection the bapy
a

pried the dey, and after

sdarecereconted 72, namely, by vais of bute tested bal *
7. "
Eavtach ke by wing) Giese ead Fre acallcr gusta one thove Geka i

—

completel;
already been described.* It opened into a chamber 24 feet by 19,
from which branched two other passages. ‘The one to the west

gallery, about 218 feet long and 25 wide.t A tunnel at its
western end, cut through the solid wall, as there was no doorway
on this side of the gallery, led into the chambers excavated by

Nored until long after. From this of the excavations an
inclined way, dug from the surface of the mound, was used by the
Arabs in descending to the subterrancous works,

variety in the details But on the northern, the sculptures dif
fered from any others yet discovered, and from their interest and
novelty merit a particular notice. They were in some cases nearly
entire, though much eracked and calcined by fire, and represented
the process of transporting the great human-headed bulls to the
palaces of which they formed so remarkable a feature. But be-
fore giving a particular description of them, I must return to the
long gallery to the west of the great hall, as the sculptures still
it form part of and complete this important series.

t Nos XLVIEL and XL. Plan Le
Ne same Plan,
itis not

especially the h
(hee oad atdoaliatdha
raising of these gigantic sculptures |
temples. On these fragments were
‘Superintending the operations, and
Gragging carts loaded with coils of ropes,
for moving the colossi, Enough,
restore any one serics of bas-relicfa,

atill standing, was represented the fire

af re th i really represent

it ject may

a ilirg i Pei Se ey
fsaae Bare: Pat I think i far more for several
ie Je Mock in the rough from the quarry, to be seulptared n

~ a

lee Men Albena Seen, 1845

Prtiminations ate osu myth

I, Ved seston pls eeaatien toes Bante
able ai ey tg boa en baal sees
ropes fastened to it and paseed round their shoulders. Some of
these trackers walk in the water, others on dry land. The number
altogether represented must have been neatly 300, about 100 to
each cable, ‘tad they appeat to be divided into datnct bands, each

upon the shoulders, Many are
represented naked, but the greater
attr epson. ure" number are dressed in short che-
quered tunics, with a long coe

attached to the girdle. They are. urged on by taskmasters
with swords and staves, The boat is also pushed by men po
through the stream. An overseer, who regulates the whole proceed-
ings, is seated astride on the fore-part of the stone. His hands are
stretched out in the act of giving commands, The upper part of
all the bas-reliefs having unfortunately been destroyed, it cannot
be ascertained what figures were represented above the trackers 5
probably Assyrian warriors drawn up in martial array, or may be
the king himself in his chariot, accompanied by his body-guurd,

and presiding over the operations.*

The huge stone having been landed, and carved by the Aeayrian
sculptor into the form of a colossal human-headed bull, is to be
moved from the bank of the river to the site it is meant to occupy
permanently in the palace-temple. This process is represented on
the walls of the great hall. From these bas-reliefs, as well as
from discoveries to be hereafter mentioned, it is therefore evident
that the Assyrians sculptured their gigantic figures before, and not

* For the details of these interesting bas-relief, I must refer my readers to
Plates 10 und 11. in the 2nd series of the Monuments of Nineveh.

pressure. y ind
Jevers. The cables are four in number; two fi

projecting pins in front, and two to similar pins b

are pulled by small ropes passing over the shoulders

as in the bas-reliefs already described. The numbers o
men may of course be only conventional, the sculptor i
as many as he found room for on the slab. They
distinguished by various costumes, being probably
different conquered nations, and are urged on by t:
‘The sculpture moves over rollers, which, as soon as

the advancing sledge, are brought again to the front by
men, who are also under the control of overseers
staves, Although these rollers materially facilitated

it would be almost impossible, when passing over rough

if the rollers were jammed, to give the first impetus to eo
body by mere force applied to the cables. The Assyris
fore, lifted, and consequently eased, the hinder part of
with huge levers of wood, and in order to obtain the n
fulcrum they carried with them during the operations
different sizes. Kneeling workmen are represented in
reliefs inserting nn additional wedge to raise the fulerus
lever iteelf was worked by ropes, and on a detached fi

In my former work (vol. i. p, 255.) I had stated that all
sculptures were carved in their places agninst the walls of the b

Cuar. VJ MOVING THE BULLS 109

and a stag and two hinds, These animals are designed with great
spirit and truth,*

Wild Bow und Young, amcajet Touts (enya).

7) a

‘The next series of bas-reliefs represents the building of the arti-
ficial platforms on which the palaces were erected, and the Assyrians
moving to their summit the colossal bulls.{ ‘The king is aguin seen
in his chariot drawn by eunuchs, whilst an attendant raises the
royal parol above his head. He overlooks the operations from that
part of the mound to which the sledge is being dragged, and before
him stands his body-guard, a long line of alternate epearmen and
archers, resting their arms and shields upon the ground. Above
him are low hills covered with various trees, amongst which may be
distinguished by their fruit the vine, the fig, and the pomegranate.
At the bottom of the slab is represented either a river divided into
two branches and forming an island, as the Tigris does to this day
hiss Kouyunjik, or the confluence of that stream and the

user, Which then probably took place at the very foot of the
mound, On the banks are seen men raising water by a simple
machine, still generally used for irrigation in the Kast, as well as
in Southern Europe, and called in Egypt a shadoof. It consists
of a long pole, balanced on a shaft of masonry, and turning
on 2 pivot; to one end is attached a stone, and to the other
a bucket, which, after being lowered into the water and filled,
is easily raised by the help of the opposite weight. Ita contents
are then emptied into a conduit communicating with the various

this part of the subject, on the only two. ‘labs
has been eo much defaced, that its details cannot |
certainty. These brickmakers are between two
are long lines of workmen going up and down, _
upwards carry large stones, and hold on their
baskets filled with bricks, earth, and rubbish,
top of the mound they relieve themselves of
return again to the foot for fresh londs in the order
It would appear that the men thus employed
malefactors, for many of them are in chains, geome:
bound together by an iron rod attached to rings in
‘The fetters, like those of modern eriminala, confine the
are supported by a bar fastened to the waist, or
shackles round the ankles. They wearashort tunic,
cap, somewhat, resembling the Phrygian bonnet, with
crest turned backwards, a costume very similar to |
tribute bearers on the Nimroud obelisk, Each band o
is followed and urged on by task-masters armed with st
The mound, or artificial platform, having been thi
always, as it has been seen, with regular layers of sundt
but frequently in parts with mere heaped-up earth and
the next step was to drag to its summit the colossal
pared for the palace. As some of the largest of these
were full twenty fect squarc, and must have weighed
forty and fifty tons, this was no easy task with such
the Assyrians possessed. The only aid to mere manual

* Thave described the mode of irrigation now goer emp
Mesopotamian Arabs, in my “Nineveh and its Remains,” vol. ii, p.30

f Part of this bus-reliefis in the B: Museum, and seo 2d series:
ments of Nineveh, Plates 14 & 16, Tho whole series occupied about t
slabs in the NE, walls of the great hall, from No. 43. CEE 68. Plan
fortunately some of the slabs had been entirely d

$ Subsequent excavations at Kouyunjik and Ni er ally verified th

Kang eeperstendieng Teme 4! eSoaedl Badd Reams

British Museum from the ruins to the banks of the
almost the same means t The Assyrians, being wi
struct a wheeled cart of sufficient strength to carry
weight, employed a sledge, probably built of some
obtained from the mountains, It seems to have been nea
or to have been filled with beams, or decked, as the seul
raised above its sides. Unless the levers were brought
considerable distance they must have been of poplar,
beams of sufficient length existing in the country.
weak, and liable to break with much strain, I found
enough for purposes of the same kind. The Assyrians, lik

Egyptians, had made considerable progress in rope twisting, an art

now only known in ite rudest state in the same part of the

‘The cables appear to be of great length and thickness, and
of various dimenzions are represented in the sculptures.§

* See woodeut, p. 105,
f Although in these bas-relief, at in other Assyrian sculptures, no regs
paid to perspective, the proportions are very well kept. I must refer my

Ww the 2U series of the Monuments of Nineveh fur detailed drawings of these

lighly interesting sculptures.
aA acters the Airndgaent of my *Ninevoh and is Rosser
which may be compared with the Assyrian bas-reliefs, to show the differ
betwoen the ancient and modern treatment of a subject almost identic.
§ There appears to be a curious allusion to ropes and cables of di
and to their use for such purposes as that described in the text in
“ Woe unto thom that draw iniquity with cords of vanity und:

tA tA te
AA

eta
ANANSI

mn a
J id
mM i 3

AT if

i i tA 3 i!
aN (IAN

Cuab, VT EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE. 15

Thave given, for the sake of comparison, a woodcut of the well-
known painting inan Egyptian grotto at Hl Bersheh of the moving
of a colossal figure.” It will show how the Egyptians and Assyrians
represented neurly a similar subject, and in what way these nations:
differed in their modeof artistic treatment. The Egyptian colossus:
is placed upon a sledge not unlike that of the Assyrian bas-relief
in form, though emailer in comparison with the size of the figure,
Tig thors, Rat eambetes ts Sas Resende eee
high. The ropes, four in number, as in the Kouyunjik res,
are all fastened to the fore part of the sledge, and are by
the workmen without the aid of smaller cords. The absence of
Jevers and rollers is remarkable, as the Egyptians must have been’
well acquainted with the use of both, and no doubt employed
them for moving heavy weights.t On the statue, a3 in the Assyrian
buereliefs, stands an officer who claps his hands in measured
time to regulate the motions of the men, and from the front of the
pedestal another pours some liquid, probably grease, on the ground
to facilitate the progress of the sledge, which would scarcely be
needed were rollers used.§ As in Assyria, the workmen included

slaves and captives, who were accompanied by bands of armed”

men.

AAs this curious representation is believed to be of the time of
Osirtasen 1, king of the seventeenth dynasty, who reigned,
secording to some, about sixteen centuries before Christ, it is far
more ancient than any known Assyrian monument. The masees
of wl stone moved by the Egyptians alo far extecded in weight
any sculpture that has yet been discovered in or any
monolith on record connected with that empire; with the exception,
perhaps, of the celebrated obelisk which, according to Diodorus
Siculua, was brought by Semiramis from Armenia to Babylon.{)

with w éart rope." A moat interesting collection of ancient Egyptian cordage
of almost every kind has ine Tree Pr Serv Saree
Clot Bey, and is naw inthe

‘This woodcut

Tas MOS Ne oor a rentig by by Sir Gardner Wilkinson,
who bas kindly allowed me to use it, Tt is more correct in its details than that
given in his work on the Ancient Egyptians, vol, iii. p. 328,

Wilkinson, vol. iii. p. 827.

pantions levers. in his account of the transport of

6 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. —

Tt is a singular fact, that whilst the q
witness of themselves to the stupendous

partments.
‘There can be no doubt, as will hereafter he shown,
represented as superintending the building of the mo

placing placing of the colossal bulls is Sennacherib himself, and
Sie ations take commas Miobrete of the gi

its adjacent tem lescribed in inscriptions
of this monarch. The bas-reliefs were accompanied
stances by short epigraphs in the cuneiform character, ¢0
description of the subject with the name of the city to wl
sculptures were brought. The great inscriptions on the
the entrances of Kouyunjik record, it would seem, not
torical eyents, but, with great minuteness, the manner in
the edifice itself was erected, its general plan, and the
materials employed in decorating the halls, chambers, and ro
When completely deciphered sthey will perhaps enable us to:
store, with some confidence, both the general plan and elevati
the building.

Unfortunately only fragments of these epigraphs have been pre-
served. From them it would appear that the transport of mare
than one object was represented on the walls. Besides bulla

in stone are mentioned figures in some kind of wood,
haps of olive, like * the two cherubims of olive tree, each ten ct

lith in the temple of Latona, at Buto, which, according to Hi
2000 men during three entire years to move to its place, upwards of
(Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians, vol. iit, p. 981.)

above the plain, we were obliged to tunnel along t
building within it, through a compact mass of ru
ing almost entirely of loose bricks, Following
limestone slabs, from the south side of the mound, p
throngh two halls or chambers, we came at length to the
entrance. This gateway, facing the open country,
a pair of majestic human-headed bulls, fourteen feet
ail entire, though racked and injured. by Gre

with a fringe of feathers peculiar to that period. Wide
wings roso above their backs, and their breaste and b
profusely adorned with curled hair, Behind them were
winged figures of the same height, bearing the pine o
basket. ‘Their faces were in full, and the relief was high
More knowledge of art was shown in the outline of the

in the delineation of the muscles, than in any sculpture

of this period. The naked leg and foot were designed with
and truthfulness worthy of a Greek artist.¢ It is, however,
able that the four figures were unfinished, none of the details
been put in, and parts being but roughly outlined. They
if the sculptors had been interrupted by some public calami
had left their work incomplete. Perhaps the murder of §

* Nineveh and its Remains, vol.i, p. 146.

+ The bulls and winged figures resembled those from Khorsabad, now it
great hallatthe British Museum, but fr exceeded them in beauty and ge
as well as in preservation. Ax nearly similar figures had thus already beer
to England, I did not think it ndvisable to remove them.

Tab of Benbarn Entrance to lecknare of Kauraree

‘The whole entrance thus consisted of two distinct chamb
three gateways, two formed by human-headed bulls, and.
between them simply panelled with low limestone slabs

* See Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 143.
+ See Rich’s Residence in Kurdistan and Nineveh, vol-ii,

Caar.¥.) DISCOVERY OF TOWER. 125

gularly enough, coincides with that assigned by Xenophon to the
stone basement of the wall of the city (Larissa).* It was finished
at the top by a to eae forming a kind of ornamental

ture. aie ‘These gradines had fallen, and some of them

were discovered in the rubbish. The stones in this structure were
carefully fitted together, though not united with mortar, unless the
earth which filled the crevices was the remains of mud used, as it
still is in the country, as a cement, Hep pitall si heck
slanting bevel, and in the face of the wall were eight recesses or
false windows, four on each side of a square projecting block
between gradines.

‘The basement, of which this wall proved to. be only one face,
was not excavated on the northern and eastern side until o later

period, but I will describe all the discoveries connected with this
singular at once, The northern side was of the same
height as, and resembled in its masonry, the western. It hada
semicircular hollow projection in the centre, sixteen feet in dia~
meter, on the east side of which were two recesses, and on the
west four, so that the two ends of the wall were not uniform.
‘That part of the basement against which the great artificial mound
or platform abutted, and which was consequently concealed by it,
that is, the eastern and southern sides, was of simple stone masonry
without recesses or ornament. The upper part of the edifice,
resting on the stone substructure, consisted of compact masonry of
burnt bricks, which were mostly inscribed with the name of the
saat abit eciee ralate (ele vobdlak king), the inscription
being in many instances turned outwards.

It was thus evident that the high conical mound forming the
north-west corner of the ruins of Nimroud, was the remains of a
aquare tower, and not of a pyramid, as had previously been conjec-
tured. The lower part, built of solid stone masonry, had with
stood the wreck of ages, but the upper walls of burnt brick, and
the inner mass of sun-dried brick which they encased, falling out-
wards, and having been subsequently covered with earth and vege-
tation, the ruin had taken the pyramidal form that loose materials
falling in this manner would naturally assume,

It is very probable that this ruin repreents the tomb of Sarda~

* Anab. Ib. Hi. ¢, 4.

+ Part of a wall, precisely similar in construction, still exists on one side of
the great mound of Kalah Sherghat. (Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p.61.)

—— ees

;

ifs

pyapeee
Hd

&
i

Cuan VJ ‘YEZIDY ALARM. 129

Like the palaces, too, it was probably painted on the outside with
various mythic figures and devices, and its summit may have been
crowned by analtar, on which the Assyrian king offered up his great
sacrifices, or on which was fed the ever-burning sacred fire, But
I will defer any further remarks upon this eubject until I treat of
the architecture of the

As the ruin is 140 feet high, the building could scarcely have
been much less than 200, whilst the immense mass of rubbish
surrounding and covering the base shows that it might have been
considerably more.

During the two months in which the greater part of the dis
coveries described in this chapter were made, I was occupied almost
entirely with the excavations, my time being epent between Nim-
roud and Kouyunjik. The only incidents worth noting were a
visit from Hussein Bey, Sheikh Nasr, and the principal chiefs
of the Yezidis, and a journey taken with Hormuzd to Khoreabad
and the ntighbouring ruins.

The heads of the Yezidi sect came to Mosul to settle some
differences with the Turkish authoritica about the conscription,
‘They lodged in my house. Sheikh Nasr had only once before
ventured into the town, and then but for a few hours. To
treat them with due honor I gave an entertainment, and initiated
them into the luxuries of Turkish cookery. We feasted in the
Iwan, an arched hall open to the courtyard, which was lighted
up at night with mashaals, or bundles of flaming rags saturated
with bitumen, and raised in iron baskets on high poles, casting a
flood of rich red light upon surrounding objects. The Yezidis
performed their dances to Mosul music before the chiefs. Sud-
denly the doors were thrown open, and a band of Arabs, stripped
to the waist, brandishing their weapons and shouting their war-
cry, rushed into the yard. The Yezidis believed that they had
been betrayed. The young chief drew his sword; and even
Sheikh Nasr, springing to his fect, propared to defend himself.
‘Their fears, however, gave way to a hearty laugh, when they
learnt that the intruders were a band of my workmen, who had
been instigated by Mr. Hormuzd Rassam thus to alarm my
guests.

Wishing to vizit Baasheikhah, Khorsabad, and other ruins at the
foot of the range of low hills of the Gebel Makloub, I left Nim-
roud on the 26th of November with Hormuzd and the Bairakdar,
Four hours’ ride brought us to some small artificial mounds near
the village of Lak, about three miles to the east of the high road

baie, :

i = ert
BHHBHG 4

: HHL il OEE a3

Car, V.) KRMORSATAD, Isl

quent projection of the torus giving a second shadow. Whether
the effect of this would be pleasant or not in a cornice placed 20

Rrra of yiebae of Tope Beeston of Mita at Tessin

high that we must look up to it is not quite clear; but below the
level of the eye, or slightly above it, the result must have been more
pleasing than any form found in Egypt, and where sculpture is not.
added might be used with effect anywhere.”

Many fragments of bas-reliefs in the same black marble, chiefly
parts of winged figures, had been uncovered ; but this building has
been more completely destroyed than any other part of the palace of
Khorsubad, and there is ecarcely enough rubbish even to cover the
few remains of sculpture which are scattered over the platform.

‘The sculptures in the palace itself had rapidly fallen to decay,
and of those which had been left exposed to the airafter M. Botta’s
departure scarcely any traces remained. Some, however, had been
covered up and partly preserved by the falling in of the high walls
of earth forming the sides of the trenches. Here and there a pair
of colossal bulls, still guarding the portals of the ruined halls,
raised their majestic but weather-beaten human heads above the
soil. In one or two unexplored parts of the ruins my workmen
had found inscribed altars or tripods, similar to that in the Assyrian
collection of the Louvre, and bricks ornamented with figures and
designs in color, showing that they had belonged to walls painted
with subjects resembling those sculptured on the alabaster panels.

Since my former visit to Khorsabad, the French consul at Mosul
had sold to Col. Rawlinson the pair of colossal human-headed bulls
and winged figures, now in the great hall of the British Museum."

* These sculptures were purchased by tho Trustees of the British Museum
from Col. Rawlinson. Owing to that carelessness and neglect, of which there hax
‘been so much cause to complain in all that concems the transport of the
Assyrian antiquities to this country, they have suffered yery considerable in-
jury since their discovery. They were sawn into many pieces for facility of
transport by my marble-outter Behnan, superintended by Mr. Rassam.

tal

AE ; 235 Ae
DAA

a24

aba

fy)

toa wall of sculptured slabs;
sculpture ceased,

and

3b
and we found

Ed
_piminegm sermon Yeu 76 oma rmbus Pane Yourecay 7 cree Poner

———EE

Cuar, VL) NAME OF SENNACHERIB. 139

palace of Kouyunjik with Sennacherib.* Dr. Hincks, in a me-
moir on the inscriptions of Khorabad, read in June, 1849, but
published in the “ Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy "f, in
1850, was the first to detect the name of this king in the group
of arrowheaded characters at the commencement of nearly all the
inscriptions, and occurring on all the inscribed bricks from:the ruins
of this edifice. Subsequent discoveries confirmed this identification,
but it was not until August, 1851, that the mention of any actual
event recorded in the Bible, and in ancient profane history, was
detected on the monuments, thus removing all further doubt as
to the king who had raised them.

Shortly after my return to England my copies of these inscrip-
tions haying been seen by Colonel Rawlinson, he announced, in
the Athenjum of the 23rd August, 1851, that be had found in
them notices of the reign of Sennacherib, “which placed beyond
the reach of dispute his historic identity,” and he gave a recapitu=
lation of the principal events recorded on tho monuments, the
greater part of which are known to us through history either sacred

or profane. ‘These inseriptions have since been examined by Dr.
Hincks, and translated by him independently of Colonel Rawlin-
son. He has kindly assisted me in giving the following abridgment
of their contents.

‘The inscriptions begin with the name and titles of Semnacherib.

* Thad also shown the probability that the palace of Khorsabsd owed its
erection to a monarch of this dynasty, ina series of lotters published inthe
‘Malta Times, as far book as 1843,

operat of attributing to their proper
discoveries of the names of Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon, nt

will be parceived that Dr.

Tbe by Col Renin and it must be observed that he was unable to
refer to the more complete recards, of which acast in paper is in the Colonel's

_ possession, He has availed himself of Bellino's cylinder to complete the an-
hs fica bro yearn tha reign of the Aaeyriaa king,

present to Hezekiah *, when the Jewish mo
the ambassadors “ the house of his precious

spoiled by the Assyrian army, and the
ing tribes “that dwelt around the cities of M

* Tsaiah, xxxix. 1.ami 2 Kings, xx. 12, where the mame is written B

Cur. VL] SENNACHERIB'S WARS, 141

subjection. Sennacherib having made Belib*, one of his own
officers, sovereign of the conquered provinces, proceeded to subduc
the powerful tribes who border on the Euphrates and Tigris, and
‘amongst them the Hagarenes and Nabathwans, From these wander-
ing people he declares that he carriod off to Assyria, probably co-
lonising with them, as was the custom, new-built towns and

208,000 men, women, and children, together with 7200 horses and
mares, 11,063 asses (7), 5230 camels, 120,100 oxen, and 800,500
sheep. It is that the camels should bear 40 emall a

Amongst the Bedouin tribes; who now inhabit the same country,
the camels would be far more numerous.+ It is interesting to

Assyria, one ox, ten sheep, ten goats or Inmbs, and twenty other
animals,

t
In the second year of his reign, Sennacherib appears to have
turned his arms to the north of Nineveh, having reduced in his first
year the southern country to obedience. By the of Ashur, he
jee wen to Biehl Vaeairablal hc neste doubtful read-
ing and not identified), who had long been rebellious to the kings his
fathers: He took Beth Kilamzakh, their principal city, and carried
away their men, small and great, horses, mares, asses (?), oxen, and
‘The people of Bishi and Yasubirablai, who had fled from
his servants, he brought down from the mountains and placed them
under one of his eunuchs, the governor of the city of Arapkha.
He made tablets, and wrote on them the laws (or tribute) imposed
upon the conquered, and set them up in tho city. He took per-
manent possession of the country of Tllibi (Luristan?), and Ispa-

* Col. Rawlinsoz reads Bel-adon. This Belib is the Belibus of Ptolemy's
Canon, ‘The mention of his same led Dr. Hincks to determine the accession 0
‘Sconscherib to be in 703 ».<.

t Col. Rawlinson fcnaeine of cattle, $230 camels, 1,020,100 sheep,
‘and 800,300 goats, — has also pointed out that both Abydenus and Polyhistor
mention this campeign: Babylon.

; Rk beset that he does not may he gave a new name to this city,
as wae generally the ease: it may have been a boly city (compare * Harem”)
and consequently escaped destruction.

mount Zagros. ‘Attar ‘sia campaign baseall
amount from some Median nations, so distant,

; but who was soon compelled to fly from
the middle of the sea. Dr. Hincks identifies this ¢
island of Crete, or some part of the southern coast of
and with the Yavan (/) of the Old Testament, the
Toninns or Greeks, an identification which I believe to
This very Pheonician king is mentioned by Josephus
Menander), under the name of Elulwus, as warring
ser, a predecessor of Sennacherib, He appears not to |
completely subdued before this, but only to have paid

* We learn from the Khorsabad inscriptions, that in the eleventh
reign of Sargon, Dalta, the king of this country, died, eyica te
whom was supported by the king of Susa, and the other by the
monarch, who sent a large army, under seven generals, to bis o
ly defvating the Susianiany, placed Ispnbara on the throne.

beara afterwards to hive thrown of tho Assyrian yoks. (Dr. B
ry ilibi in northern Media, and reads most of the

Cuar, VL] CONQUEST OF JUDEA. 143
tribute to the Assyrion monarchs.* Sennacherib placed a person,

their Jewish allies. Sennacherib joined battle with the Egyptians,
and totally defeated them near the city of Al.... ku, capturing
the charioteors of the king of Milukkkha, and placing them in eon-

Padiya having been brought back from Jerusalem
of Roe Pa by Sennacherib on his throne. “ Hezekiah, king of
Tadah,” says the Assyrian king, “ who had not submitted to my
authority, forty-six of his principal cities, and fortfeeses and vil-
lages depending upon them, of which I took no account, I cap-
* Joseph. I. ix. i ih, at ge a hone etd p-400,, where
Thad long before the deciphering bscenad net rattor a rohog
to nietneene haces aouaber icfe wt Kouyunjik. ‘This fight
of Laligaladewk appears tobe repetoend in plate No.7 of the first series
of the * Monuments of Nineveh.”

t Col. Rawlinson reads the name of the king Haddiya. That of Ekron is
very doubtful,

{ Isninh, xxxvii. @ Kings, xix. 9, Tt is mot stated that the armies of the
two great antapenistio nations of the anclent world eek
that Sennacherib “heard say concerning Tirhakwh king of Ethiopia, He is
‘coming forth to make war with thee” Herodotus, however, to have
preserved the record of the battle in the colebratod of tho mice which

Hs eyFETE REECE
‘1 iE Hi

TI 90 cal of go, sl 800 talents of lies fi
nobles of Hozekiah's

lakis, with Lachiah, tho city berioged by
ae en rec uemeneerue: to show, we have

t 2 Kings, xviii. 13.; and compare Taniah, xxvi. 1, I may here
the names of Hezekiah and Judwa, with others mentioned in the

king of eee appointed unto Hezekiah, king of
talents of silver und 80 talents of gold." (2 Kings, xvili. 144). «

Cuan VE) WARS OF SENNACHERIB, 145

caunot be laid on this singular fact, as it tends to prove the general
accuracy of the historical details contained in the Assyrian in-
scriptions. There is a difference of 500 talents, as it will be
observed, in the amount of silver, It is probable that Hezekiah
was much pressed by Sennacherib, and compelled to give him all
the wealth that he could collect, as we find him actually taking
the silver from the house of the Lord, as well as from his own
treasury, and cutting off the gold from the doors and pillars of the
temple, to satisfy the demands of the Assyrian king. The Bible
may therefore only include the actual amount of money in the 300
talents of silver, whilst the Assyrian records comprise all the pre-
cious metal taken away. There are some chronological discrepancies
which cannot at present be satisfactorily reconciled, and which I
will not attempt to explain.* It is natural to suppose that Sen-
nacherib would not perpetuate the memory of his own overthrow;
and that, having been unsuccessful in an attempt upon Jerusalem,
his army being visited by the plague described in Scripture, he
should gloss over his defeat by describing the tribute he had pre-
viously received from Hezekiah as the general result of his campaign.

There is no reason to believe, from the biblical account, that
Sennacherib was slain by his sons immediately after his return
to Nineveh; on the contrary, the expression “he returned and
dwelt at Nineveh,” infers that he continued to reign for some time
over Assyria. We have accordingly hie further annals on the
monuments he erected. In his fourth year he went southward,
and subdued the country of Beth-Yakin, defeating Susubira, the
Chaldean, who dwelt in the city of Bittuton the river—(Agammi,
according to Rawlinson). Farther mention is made of Merodach
Baladan. “ This king, whom I had defeated in a former campaign,
escaped from my principal servants, and fled to an island (name
lost); his brothers, the seed of his father’s house, whom he left
behind him on the const, with the rest of the men of his country
from Beth-Yakin, near the salt (?) river (the Shat-cl-Arab,
or united waters of the Tigris and Euphrates), I carried away,
and several of his towns I threw down, and burnt; Assurnadimmi
(? Assurnadin, according to Rawlinson), my son, I placed on the

# According to Dr. Hincks (Chronological Appendix to a Paper on the
Assyrio-Babylonian Characters in yol. xxii. of the Transactions of the Royal
Trish Academy), it is necessary to read the twenty-fifth for the fourteenth year
of Hezekiah as the date of Sennacherib's invasion, ‘The illness of Hezekiah,
‘and the embassy of Merodsch Baladun, he places cleven years eurlier. Certainly
the phrase “in those days” was used with great latitude.

Mei

Waki (2), & country to which no
‘This chief deserted his capital
Sennacherib carried off the spoil of his p

the
of the Euphrates
od Nagi Dives 7 Tem nd tol pe
of the great salt river, a name anciently given, it is
the Shat-el-Arab, or united waters of the Buphr:
which are affected by the tides of the Persian
consequently, salt, Both cities belonged to the
(laut), or Navas, the two names being used it

the same country. The Assyrian king, in order to x
‘was compelled to build ehips, and to employ the
Tyre, Sidon, and Yavan, as navigators, He brou
sels down the Tigris, and crossed on them to the |
of the river, after having first, it would seem, tak
Naghit which stood on the western bank. He offered
crifices to a god (? Neptune, but name doubtful) on the bamkk.
salt river, and dedicated to him a ship of gold, and two oth ,
objects, the nature of which has not been determined.
then made of his having captured Naghit Dibeena, to
three other cities, whose names cannot be well ase
his crossing the river Ua (? the Ulai of Daniel, the
Greeks, and the modern Karon). Unfortunately the
which contains the record of the expedition

cities is much defaced, and has not yet been sat
It appears to give interesting dotails of the bui
the Tigris, by the men of Tyre ‘and Sidon and of the
that river.

Such are the principal historical facts recorded on
placed by Sennacherib in his palace at Nineveh. I h
them fully, in order that we may endeavour to identify the

* Dr. Hincks identifies the son of Sennacherib with the Ap
Ptolemy's canon, whose reign began three years after that of Beli
poses w to be a corruption of ov.

148 NINEVEH AND |

if the order of the narrative be strictly p
of this work. In the first place, it mu

from Kouyunjik. Now the name of the Ki
rally admitted to be Sargon", even before
ES tee was known ; although here
attach phonetic powers to characters usod as

when occurring as simple letters, appear to
valuest Colonel Rawlinson states$, that this]
inscriptions the name of Shalmaneser, by
known to the Jews.{ Dr, Hincks denies that the
long to the same person. It would appear, ho
are events mentioned in the inscriptions of
lead to the identification of its founder with the
Scripture, and the ruins of the palace itself, were
the time of the Arab conquest by the name of “ Sang

Unfortunately the upper parts of nearly all the:
Kouyunjik having been destroyed the epigraphs are
weare unnbley as yet, to identify with certainty
presented with any known event in the reign of §
There is, however, one remarkable exception.

During the latter part of my residence at Mosul ¢
discoyered in which the sculptures were in better

* First, I believe, though on completely : ae premises, by ML

4 Col. Rawlinson reads the name * Sargin:

} Athenwum, Aug, 29. 1851.

§ Shalmaneser, who made war against Hoshea, and who is ge1
to have carried away the ten tribes from Samaria, alt
does not distinctly say so (2 Kings, xvii.), is identified by on
Sargon, who sent his genoral against Ashdod (Isaiah, xx.). i
tioned this ‘dontiGcation (Athenweam for Sept. 18, ibsi) Sooo
‘neser as son of Sargon, and brother to Sennacherib. In his last
(Trans, Royal Tris! Acad. vol. xx ) he has taken a different
siders Shalmmeser to be the predecessor of Sargon, who went up

ma in his last yoar, nc. 722. “Tho king of Assyria,” that is Sa

the city in his second yoar, sc. 720, In either case, no
has yet been discovered ing the name of this king. There
nothing in Scripture to identity the two names as belonging to Fe
except that their genera}, in both instances, is called Tartan, which wa
from the inscriptions was merely the common title of the
Assyrian armies.

Cuar, Vi) SIBGE OF LACHISH. M9

than any before found at Konyunjik.* Some of the slabs, indeed,
were almost entire, though cracked and otherwise injured by fire;
and the epigraph, which fortunately explained the event portrayed,
was complete. These bas-reliefs represented the siege and capture
by the Assyrians, of a city evidently of great extent and import-
ance. It appears to have been defended by double walls, with bat-
tlements and towers, and by fortified outworks. The country around
it was hilly and wooded, producing the fig and the vine. The whole
power of the great king seems to have been called forth to take thia
stronghold, In no other sculptures were so many armed warriors
seen drawn up in array before a besieged city. In the firstrank were
the kneeling archers, those in the second were bending forward,
whilst those in the third discharged their arrows standing upright,

and were mingled with spearmen and slingers; the whole forming
acompact and organised phalanx. The reserve consisted of large
bodies of horsemen and charioteers, Against the fortifications
had been thrown up as many as ten banks or mounts, compactly
built of stones, bricks, earth, and branches of trees, and seven
battering-rama had already been rolled up to the walls, The
Desieged defended themselves with great determination. Spear-
men, archers, and slingers thronged the battlements and towers,
showering arrows, javelins, stones, and blazing torches upon the
assailants. On the battering-rams were bowmen discharging their
arrows, and men with large ladles pouring water upon the flaming
brands, which, hurled from above, threatened to destroy the
engines. Ladders, probably used for escalade, were falling from
the walls upon the soldiers who mounted the inclined ways to the
sasault. Part of the city had, however, been taken. Beneath
its walls were seen Assyrian warriors impaling their prisoners,
and from the gateway of an advanced tower, or fort, issued a
procession of captives, reaching to the presence of the king,
who, gorgeously arrayed, received them seated on his throne.
Amongst the spoil were furniture, arms, shielde, chariots, vases of
metal of yarious forms, camels, carts drawn by oxen, and laden with
women and children, and many objects the nature of which can-
not be determined. The vanquished people were distinguished from
the conquerors by their dress, those who defended the battlements
wore a pointed helmet, differing from that of the Assyrian war-
riors in having a fringed lappet falling over the ears. Someof the
captives had a kind of turban with one end hanging down to the

* No. XXXVI Plan I. 38 feet by 18.
“3

Several prisoners were
‘Two were stretched naked on the ground to
were being slain by the sword before the
haughty monarch was receiving the chiefs of 1]
who crouched and knelt humbly before him.

E ne

ei)
iis)

rare and beautiful
‘The royal fect

high footstool of elogant form, fashioned Ike the
cased with embossed metal; the legs ending in lion's

* Chap. VIL.

Cuan. Vi] SIEGE OF LACHISH. 161

hind the king were two attendant eunuchs raising fans above his
head, and holding the embroidered napkins.

‘The monarch hinvelf was attired in long loose robes richly or-
namented, and edged with tassels nnd fringes. In hie right hand
ho raised two arrows, and his left rested upon a bow; an attitude,
probably denoting triumph over his enemies, and in which he is
usually portrayed when receiving prisoners after a victory.

Behind the king was the royal tent or pavilion *: and beneath
him were his led horses, and an attendant on foot carrying the
paragol, the emblem of royalty, His two chariots with their
charioteers, were waiting for him, One had a peculiar semicircular
ornament of considerable size, rising from the pole between the
horses, and spreading over their heads. It may originally have
contained the figure of a deity, or some mythic symbol. It was
attached to the chariot by that singular contrivance joined to the
yoke and represented in the carly sculptures of Nimroud, the
vse and nature of which I am etill unable to explain.t This
part of the chariot was richly adorned with figures and ornamental
designs, and appeared to be supported by a prop resting on the
pole. The trappings of the horses were handsomely decorated,
and an embroidered cloth, hung with tassels, fell on their chests,
Two quivers, holding a bow, a hatchet, and arrows, were fixed
to the side of the chariot.

‘This fine series of bas-reliefs ¢, occupying thirteen slabs, was
finished by the ground-plan of a le, or of a fortified camp
containing tents and houses. Within the walls was also seen a fire~
altar with two beardless priests, wearing high conical caps, standing
before it. In front of the altar, on which burned the sacred flame,
was a table bearing various sucrificial objects, and beyond it two
sacred chariots, such as accompanied the Persian kings in their
ware§ ‘The horaes had beon taken out, and the yokes rested upon
stand, Each chariot carried a lofty pole surmounted by a globe,
and long tassels or streamers; similar standards were introduced
into scenes representing sacrifices|| in the sculptures of Khorsabad.

* I presume this to be a tent, or moveable dwelling-place. It is evidently
supported by ropes. Above it is an inscription declaring that it i the dent (t)
(the word seams to read surola) of Sennacherib, king of Aseyria.’

t It has been suggested to me that it may have been a case in which to
place the bow; but the bow and arrows are contained in the quiver suspended

“ia of the aE.
Yor detailed drawings, 900, 2nd series of the Monuments toes
Plates 20. es ;

§ | Quintus Curtius, lili. ©. 3.

rT ‘Plate 146.

Cuar. VL] DISCOVERY OF SEALS 163

fore, with illustrations of the Bible of very great importance. *
‘The captives were undoubtedly Jews, their physiognomy was strik-
ingly indicated in the sculptures, but they had been stripped of
their ornaments and their fine raiment, and were left barefooted
and half-clothed. From the women, too, had been removed “ the
splendor of the foot ornaments and the caps of network, and
the crescents; the ear-pendents, and the bracelets, and the thin
veils; the hend-dress, and the ornaments of the legs and the
girdles, and the perfume-boxes and the amulets; the rings and
the jewels of the nose; the embroidered robes and the tunics,
and the cloaks and the satchels; the-transparent garments, and
the fine linen vests, and the turbans and the mantles, “for they
wore instead of a girdle, a rope; and instead of a stomacher, a
girdling of sackcloth.” ¢

Other corroborative evidence as to the identity of the king who
built the palace of Kouyunjik with Sennacherib, is scarcely less
remarkable. In a chamber, or passage, in the south-west corner
of this edifice}, were found a large number of pieces of fine clay
bearing the impressions of seals §, which, there is no doubt, had been
affixed, like modern official seals of wax, to documents written on
leather, papyrus, or parchment, Such documents, with seals in
clay still attached, have been discovered in Egypt, and specimens
are preserved in the British Museum. ‘The writings themselyes

* Col, Rawlinson has, I am aware, denied that this is the Lachish mentioned
in Scripture, which he identifies with the All...Jeu of the bull inscriptions, and
places on the seacoast between Gaza and Rhinocolura. (Outlines of Assyrian
History, p.xxxvi.) But I believe this theory to be untenable, and Tam sup-
ported in this view of the subject by Dr. Hincks, who also rejects Col, Rawlin-
son's reading of Lubana (Libnah). Lachish is mentioned amongst “the
uttermost cities of the tribe of Judah.” Goshua, xv. 39.) From verse 21
‘to 32 we have one category of twenty-nine cities “toward the coast of Edom
southward.” The next category appears to extend to verse 46, und includes
cities in the valley, amongst which is Lachish, We then come to Ashdod and
the sos, It was therefore certainly situated in the hill country. (Seo also
Robinson's Biblical Researches in Palestine, vol. i. p. 988.)

+ Isaiah, iii.18—24. &e. (See translation by the Rev. J. Jones.) ae
tion of the various articles of dress worn by the Jewish women is
interesting. Most of the ornaments enumerated, probably indeed the whole HF
them, if we were acquainted with the exact meaning of the Hebrew words,
are still to be traced in the costumes of Eastern women inhabiting the same
country. Many appear to bo mentioned in the Assyrian Inscriptions amongst
objects of tribute and of spoil brought to the king. See aleo Ezekiel xvi. 10—
4. for an account of the dress of the Jewish women.

{No.LXE Plan I
— § Besembling the 77 eyuarzpls (the sealing earth) of the Greeks.

ea Ha aes

Reyytin Baste
impressions of a signet, which, though
pera e name of the king, so as
legible. It is one well known to Egyptian
of the second Sabaco the Ethiopian, of the twen
On the same piece of clay is impressed an
dovice representing a priest ministering before
a royal signet.

arorestnos of Ye Minas of te Kings of engin
tnd Bios (Onyaad tired

touche.* Sabaco reigned in Egypt at the end of the

* Tam indebted to Mr. Birch for the following remarks
discovered

adoration before a deity ; anda second, with the representation and
Egyptian monarch, Sabaco, of the twenty-fifth dynasty of J
‘evidently impressed from a royal Egyptian seal. Similar impressions:
means unknown, and a few examples have reached the present time,
instance the clay seals found attached to the rolls of papyrus conte

Cuar, VE) EGYPTIAN SEALS, 15°

tury before Christ, the exact time at which Sennacherib came
to the throne. He is probably the So mentioned in the se~
cond book fi RcLgeps CSU aly ees rao ambassadors

written in the time of the Ptolemies and Romans, there are in the British
Museum seals bearing the name of Shashank or Shishak (No. 5585.) of
Amasis EL. of the twenty-xnth dynasty (No. 5584.) and of Nafuarut or Ne-
pherophis, of the twenty-ninth dj (No, 5586.). Such seals were, therefore,
affixed by the Egyptians to public and it was in accordance with
this principle, common to the two monarchies, Pelee Le
King has Boda, been found in Assyria. It appears to have been impressed from an
oval, in all probability the bezel of a metallic ring, like the celebrated
The King abaco a reprwented pen tho lef ia an ueQon fy eae
The Sabaco is represented the left in an action very ly seen,
in nore monuments of Egypt, wearing the red cap festr, He bends
down, seizing with his left hand the hair of the head of an enemy, whom he is
about to aiite with a kind of mace or axe in his right, bo Satis Via pags
his side, Above and before him aro hieroglyphs, ex) nb ar
‘the perfect God, the Lord who gelesen oat (or
Sabaco).’ Behind is an expression of constant occurrence in Egyptian texts :
tha («)anch-ha f, ‘life follows his head.’ Although no figure of any deity is seen,
the hieroglyphs at the left edge show thut the king was performing this action
before one—ma, na nak, *T have given to th *swlleh saat ave book illowed.
by some such expression as *a perfect life,’ ‘all enemies or countries under
thy sandals.’ Tt is impossible to determine which god of the Panthoon was
there, probably Amon-Ra, or the Theban Jupiter. ‘These seals, therefore,
assume a most important character as to the synchronism of the two monarchies.

has occurred. The twenty-fifth dynasty of Manetho, according to all three
versions, consisted of three Athiopic kings, the seat of whose empire was ori-
ginally at Gebel Barkal, or Napata, and who subsequently conquered the whole
of Egypt. The first monarch of this line was called Sabaco by the Greek
writers; the second Sebechos, or Seuechos, his son; the third was Turkos or
‘Tarneus, Now, corresponding to Sabacon and Seuechos are two kings, or at
loast two precnomens, cach with the name of Shabak: one reads Ra-nefer-har, tho
other Ra-tat-karu, although the correctness of this last pranomen is denied, and
it is assorted that only one king is found on the monuments. Even the oxist-
ence of the first Shabak or in i8 contested, and the eight or twelve years
of his reign credited to his successor; and it is remarkable to find that in two
versions of Manetho each reigned twolve years. Still the non-appearance of
the first Shabak on the monuments of Egypt would be intelligible, to A
trouble he may have had to establish his sway, although then it would

bable that he should be found at Napata, his Zthiopian capital. As Tovellni,
however, gives so distinctly the second preaomen (M.R. eli. 5.), it is difficult to
conceive that it does not exist. In the other scenes at Karnak, Shabak, wear-
ing the upper and lower crown, showing his rule over the Delta, is seen
embraced by Athor and Ament, or T-Amen (Revell, M.R. cli. 2 and 5.), or
clso wearing w plain head-drees, he ia received by Amen and Mut; but as
he is unaccompanied by his pranomen, it is uncertain whether Shabak 1

or Sbabak TI. is intended. In the legends,
on the throne of Tam (Tomos), like the
that Sabaco claimed to be at that time

=
present king of Assyria, as he had done year by
of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison.’ Acco
logers, this was n.c. 728—722. (Winer, Bibl, Real-Wo
+): according, however, to De Vignolles, 721—720.
Rosellini places Sabaco I. w.c. 719., and Sabaco IL
Wilkinson, 1, c, 778—728, If Sabaco be really So, the
and Béckh (Manctho, .)y Bic. 711, for Subaco IL. is
itten RID. R*D, Sva or Sia. The great

), in his usual confusion, places Sabaco,
blind man, who fled to the island of Elbo im

after Mycerinus, of the fourth dynasty, and states that he 7

more than the whole time of the dynasty, Diodorus

choris, whom, he declares, he burnt alive, This might be the:

M. Bunsen (Aogyptens Stelle, iii, 137, 198.) and Lepsius have
pothesis that the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth dynasties were co

‘and that the capital of the Acthiopian dynasty was at Napata, or
whence, from time to time, the Athiopians successfully invaded
hypothesis that Amenartas, the JEthiopian, was not expelled when |
commenced their reign. (M. De Rougé, Exam. ii. p, 66.)

xxi.
Anysis, in the Delta,
xy,
Sabaco (Thebes).
Sebichus,
Amenartas
Arch. 1861, p. 277.)

‘The great interest attached to the Kouyunjik seals depends upon 1

Cuar. VE] IDENTIFICATION OF SENNACHERIL. 159

the people of Samaria. Shalmaneser we know to have been an
immediate predecessor of Sennacherib, and Tirakhah, the Egyptian
king, who was defeated by the Assyrians near Lachish, was the
immediate successor of Sabaco IT.

It would seem that a peace having been concluded between the
Egyptians and one of the Assyrian monarchs, probably Senna~
cherib, the royal signets of the two kings, thus found together, were
attached to the treaty, which was deposited amongst the archives
of the kingdom. Whilst the document itzelf, written upon parch-
ment or papyrus, has completely perished, this singular proof of
the alliance, if not actual meeting, of the two monarchs is still pre~
served amidst the remains of the state papers of the Assyrian
empire; furnishing one of the most remarkable instances of con=
firmatory evidence on record *, whether we regard it as verifying
the correctness of the interpretation of the cunciform character, or
as an illustration of Scripture history.

Little doubt, I trust, can now exist in the minds of my readers
as to tho identification of the builder of the palace of Kou-
yunjik, with the Sennacherib of Scripture. Had the name stood
alone, we might reasonably have questioned the correctness of
the reading, especially as the signs or monograms, with which it
is written, are admitted to have no phonetic power, But when
characters, whose alphabetic values have been determined from
a perfectly distinct source, such as the Babylonian column of the
trilingual basi ir furnish us with names in the records attri-
buted to Sennac! written almost identically as in the Hebrew
version of the Bible, uch as Hezekiah, Jerusalem, Judah, Sidon,
and others, and all occurring in one and the same paragraph, their
reading, moreover, confirmed by synchronisms, and illustrated by
sculptured representations of the events, the identification must be
admitted to be complete.

the preciso date of this king, as they were probably affixed to a treaty with
Assyria, or some neighbouring nation. There can be no doubt as to the
name of Sabaco. Herodotus (ii. 139.) writes ZABAKO3; Diodorus (i. 59.)
ABAKON, Africanus SabakOn, for the first Sabach, and Sebechos or Senechos
(SEBHX@x) for the second, The Armenian version roads Sabbak6n, for the
name of the first king (M. Béckh, Manctho, 326.). Some MSS. of the Sep-
tuagint have 2Hrap (Segoor). (Cf, Winer, f. ¢.; Gesenius, Com. in Test. i.
696.) It is indeed highly probable, that this is the monarch mentioned in
the Book of Kings as Sua or So, and that his veal was aflixed to some treaty
between Assyria 3 and Egypt.”

* The impressions of the signets of the Egyptian and Assyrian kings, besides
a large collection of seals found in Kouyunjik, are now in the British Museum,

iy
FI

uN
£

é
5

traying this emblem is very rare on Assyrian
interesting, as confirming the conjecture that the

ra lo
the reat of the cylinder. The intaglio of this b
* The relationship between the various Assyrian whose
found on the monuments, was discovered by me during the first
and published in my Nineveh and ite Remains, vol. ii. 2nd part,
Colonel Rawlinson in his first memoir declares, that I had been too

+ M, Lajard bad conjectured that the component parts of this
of the triune deity wore a circle or crown to denote time without box

Omar, VL) ASSYRIAN CYLINDERS. 161

is not deep but sharp and distinct, and the details are so minute,
that a magnifying glass is almost required to perceive them.

On a smaller cylinder, in the same green felspar*, is a cunei-
form inscription, which has not yet been deciphered, but which
does not appear to contain any royal name, On two cylinders
of onyx, also found at Kouyunjik, and now in the British Mu-
seum, are, however, the name and titles of Sennacherib.

eternity, the image of Baal the supreme god, and the wings and tail of a dove,
to typify the association of Mylitta, the Assyrian Venus, (Nineveh and its
Remaina, vol. ti. py. 449 note.)

* Acylinder, not yet engraved or pierced, and several beads, are in the
same material. Part of another cylinder sppears to be of a kind of vitreous
composition. Ishall, herenfter, describe the nature and. use of these relics,
which are so frequently found in Assyrian and Babylonian ruins.

Fore sf clay 08 Seuporasions st sae,

omar. VIL} ASSYRIAN ARCHES. 163

to remove them entire. A road through the ruing, for their trans-
port to the edge of the mound, was in the first place necessary,
and it was commenced early in December. They would thus be
ready for embarkation as soon as the waters of the river were
sufficiently high to beara raft so heavily laden, over the rapids and
ehallows between Nimroud and Baghdad. This rond was dug to
the level of the pavement or artificial platform, and was not finished
till the end of February, as a large maza of earth and rubbish
had to be taken away to the depth of fifteen or twenty feet.
During the progress of the work we found some carved fragments
of ivory similar to those already placed in the British Muscum ;

Tn the south-eastern corner of
the mound tunnels carried be-
neath the ruined edifice, which
is of the seventh century B.¢.,
om toues aime Pome Gwe Chewewts showed the remains of an earlier
building. A rawlted drain, about five feet in width, was also
discovered. The arch was turned with large kiln-burnt bricks,
and rested upon side walls of the same material. The bricks
being square, and not expressly made for vaulting, a space
was left above the centro of the arch, which was filled up by bricks
laid longitudinally.

Although this may not be a perfect arch, we have seen from the
vaulted chamber discovered in the very centre of the high mound
at the north-west corner, that the Assyrians were well acquainted
at an early period with its true principle. Other examples were
not wanting in the rains. The earth falling away from the sides
of the deep trench opened in the north-west palace for the removal
of the bull and lion during the former excavations, left uncovered
the entrance toa vaulted drain or passage built of sun-dried bricks.
Beneath was a small watercourse, inclosed by square pieces of

* The sockets, which are now in the British Museum, weigh 61h. 3joa.; tho
diameter of the ring is about five inches. ‘The hinges and frames of the brass
gates at Babylon were alto of brass (Herod. i. 178.).

164 NINEVEH AND DABYLON,

alabaster. A third arch, equally perfect in
beneath the ruins of the Perper

‘Tauize Dae beoemth Yeubyam Pace (Xlemneath,

opened almost on a level with the plain, and carried far into the
southern face of the mound, but without the discovery of any other
remains of building than this solitary brick arch. ‘This part of the
artificial elevation or platform appears to consist entirely of earths
heaped up without any attempt at regular construction. Tt can
tnined no relics except’ a few rude veseel, or vases, in the eoareest
olay.

In the south-east corner of the quadrangle, formed by the lor
mounds marking the walls once surrounding this
city of Nineveh, or the park attached tothe royal residence, thé
level of the soil is considerably higher than in other partof
the inclosed space. This sudden inequality evidently indicates th

* Son woodout at the head of this chapter, Thisdrain wns beneath chamber’
‘S. and T. of the north-west palace. (See Plon IU. Nineveh and its Ramin’,

Fol. i p. 62.) a

Cuan VIL] PAINTED BRICKS 165

site of come ancient edifice. Connected with it, rising abruptly,
and almost perpendicularly, from the plain, and forming one of

Son Geer eee OS I irregular mound, which is
of

Arabs by the name of the Tel of Athur, the
Nimroud.* Tunnels and tresches opened in it
but earth, unmingled even with bricks or frag-
Remains of walls and a pavement of baked bricks
were, however, discovered in the lower part of the platform.
The bricks had evidently been taken from sotne other building,

known to
Lieutenant

posely to conceal them, and the designs upon them were in most
injared or destroyed. A few fragments were collected,
eat and went forth Assbur, and buibled Niveveh.” (Gen. x. 14.)

«3,

‘arrows. A fish, blue, with the scales marked in whi
of a horse's head, yellow. Ground yellow. .

* The colors on the Nineveh bricks have not yet been fully exami
they appear to be precisely the same as those on the at
been carefully analyzed by Sir Henry De la Beche and Dr.
ia an antimoniate of lead, from which tin hes also been extracted, «
yellow, supposed to be comparatively a modern discovery, though also
the ians. The white is an enamel or glaze of oxide of tin, un it
attributed to the Arabs of Northern Africa in the cighth or ninth cents
Blue glaze is m copper, contains no cobalt, but some lead ; a curious fact,
mineral was not added as a coloring matter, but to facilitate the fa
glaze, to which use, it was believed, lead had only been turned in ¢0
modern times, ‘Phe red is a sub-oxide of copper.

+ For fhesimiles of these colored fraguenta, see 2nd series.
of Nineveh, Plates 53, 54, 55.

7 On Egyptian monuments captives are portrayed.
attached to their beads; but they appear to be of a
the Nimroud bricks bear no traces of negro color or
wale Ancient Egyptians, vol. j, plate, p. 385.)

sheep of the inhabitants of the village. The men
the invaders; the women, armed with tent poles
and filling the air with their shrill screams, were ts
the animals. The horsemen of the Arab tribe of
advantage of a thick mist hanging over the Jaif, to
early in the morning, and to fall upon us before we
their approach. No time was to be lost to preven
and all its disagreeable consequences. A horse was |
and I rode towards the onc who appeared to be the |
attacking party. Although his features were cone
heffich closely drawn over the lower part of his
Bedouin fashion in war, he had been i
brother of the Howar, the Sheikh of the Tai. He

as I drew near, and we rode along side by side, whilst his.
were driving before them the cattle of the villagers,
Hormuzd to keep back the Shemutti, I asked the chief.

the plundered property. Fortunately, hitherto only one:
attacking party had been seriously wounded. The d
chiefly directed against the Jebours, who some days bef

ried off'a large number of the camels of the Tai. Ipro

my best to recover them. At length Saleh, for my sake,
said, consented to restore all that had been taken, and
bitants of Nimroud were called upon to claim cach his own
As we approached the ruins, for the discussion had boon ¢
as we rode from the village, my Jebour workmen, who ha
time heard of the affray, were preparing to meet th
had ascended to the top of the high conical mound,
collected stones and bricks ready to hurl against

* Plate 56. 2nd serics of Monuments of N

Pista subsequently arp in it ie
of the Assyrian period. A urns
objects discovered.

Kuitli, inbabited by sedentary Arabs, who pay
Sheikh. A few tents of the Tai were scattered arou
passed by, the women came out with their children,
to me exclaimed, Look, look! this is the Beg who
the other end of the world to dig up the bones of ou

and grandmothers!” a sacrilege which they seen
resent. Saleh, at the head of fifty or sixty b

beyond the village, and conducted us to the
brother.

The tents were pitched in long, parallel lines, T
held the foremost place, and was distinguished by its si
spears tufted with ostrich feathers at its entrance, and the:
bred mares tethered before it. As we approached, a tall, con
figure, of erect and noble carriage, issued from beneath
canvass, and advanced to receive me. I had never
the Arabs a man of such Jofty stature. Tis features
and handsome, but his beard, having been fresh dyed
alone*, was of a bright brick-red hue, ill suited to the gn
dignity of his countenance. His head was encircled
cashmere shawl, one end fulling over his shoulder, as is the
amongst the Arabs of the Hedjaz. He wore a crimson
and a black cloak, elegantly embroidered down the b
‘one of the wide ¢leeves with gold thread and
This was Sheikh Howar, and behind him stood a

* In order to dye the hair black, a preparation of indigo #
fier the hennah.

We hurried along the direct track to Nimroud, |
the Ghazir before night-fall. But fresh difficulties
‘That small river, collecting the torrents of the Missouri
overflown its bed, and its waters were rushing tumult
wards, with a breadth of etream almost equalling the Ti
rode along its banks, hoping to find an encampment where we
pass the night. At length, in the twilight, we spied
Arabs, who immediately took refuge behind the walls of
village, and believing us to be marauders from the desert,
to defend themselves and their cattle, Directing the
party to stop, I rode forward with the Bairakdar, and i
to prevent a discharge of fire-arms pointed against us. The
were of the tribe of Haddedecn, who having crossed the Gi
with their buffaloes, had been unable to regain their tents o
opposite side by the sudden swelling of the stream.

Cuar. VIE) RETURN TO NIMROUD. 175

The nearest inhabited village was Tel Aswad, or Kara Tuppeh,
still far distant. As we rode towards it in the dusk, one or two

rearales Chamber bs whueh Ce Beveaee swe Aistirered (emma

CHAP, VIIL

CONTENTS OF NEWLY DISCOVERED CHAMMER.—A WELK —-EARGE com
CALDRONS. — RELIS, RINGS, AND OTHER OBJNCTS IN METAL.
CALDHONS AXD LARGE YESSEIA.—BRONEK NOWLS, CUFS, AND
DESCRIPTION OF THN RAMMOSSINGS UPON TMEM.— ARMA AND A
SUKEEDS.— ION INSTRUMENTS. —TVORY REMAINS —=MMONER ©
WITH GOLD. —GLA8% OWLS. — LENS, — THR ROYAL THRONT.

“|
‘Tue newly discovered chamber was part of the north-west p
and adjoined a room previously explored." Ite only e
to the west, and almost on the edge of the mound. Tt n
eequently, have opened upon a gallery or terrace running
river front of the building. The walls were of
panelled round the bottom with large burnt bricks, about
feet high, placed one against the other. They were ¢
Litumen, and, like those forming the pavement, were in

* Tewas parallel to, and to the south of, the chamber mark
plan of the northwest palace. (Nineveh and ite Remains, v2

iron rings and bars, probably
parts of tripods, or stands, for
supporting vessels and bowlst;

* Zech. xiv. 20,
4 da, ‘ing of a circular ring raised
tol use! ee sendy Sette ce Uae
Botta’s large work, plate 141.) ‘The ring was of iron,

over

partly of iron und purtly of bronze i

carried away from acapturedcity. ‘They were mb
with flowers and other ornaments, Homer declares one so adomel
to be worth an ox.

* If, however, they were part of a throne, it is difficult to account for thelt
found detached in the caldron.

aeasured 6 inches in diamele,
and 2 inches in depth. (rs -
+ Resombling those of the eunuch warriors in Plute 28. of the Lat series of
the Monuments of Nineveh.

One of the jars was 4 fect 11 inches high. Two of tho ons

a a Sk a, 8 i.

Babylonians from Jerusalem, Jerem, lii, 18, .
q dedicated to the in temples. Coleus dedicated a larg?
von of kr, adored wil gris to eré. Horo fr, 1 =)

— “a

aid
a Agde bil!

ff
i

plain,
many are most

are
and

Cuan, VIIE] BRONZE DISHES, ~ 183

‘been raiged in the metal by a blunt instrument, threo or fourstrokes
of which in many instances very ingoniously produce the image of an
animal.* Even those ornaments which are not embossed but incised,
appear to have been formed by a similar process, except that the
paras ‘The tool of the graver has been
5 ly used.

‘The most interesting dishes in the collection brought to England
are :—

No. 1, with moving circular handle (ialenie ip) Se

cured by three bosses;

diameter 10} inches,
depth 24 inches; divided
into two friezes surround
ing a circular medallion
containing a malo deity
with bull's ears (?) and hair
in ample curls}, wearing
braceleta and a necklace
ofan Egyptian character,
and a short tunic; the
arms crossed, and the
hands held by two
Egyptians (2), who pl: ce
their other hands on the
head of the centre figure.
‘The inner frieze contains
horsemen draped as E,
tians, galloping round in
pairs; the outer, figures,
also wearing the Egyp-
tian “ shenti” or tunic,
hunting lions on horseback, on foot, and in chariots. The hair
of these figures is dressed after a fashion, which prevailed in Egypt
from the ninth to the eighth century 8,0. Each frieze is separated
by a band of guilloche ornament,t

No. 2., diameter 104 inches, haying a low rim, partly destroyed ;
ornamented with an embossed rosette of elegant shape, surrounded

* The embossing appears to have beon produced by a process still practised
by silversmiths. The metal was laid upon a bed of mixed clay and bitumen,
from the outside.

The Egyptian Athor is represented with similar ears and halr.
Monuments of Qnd Series, Plate 65.

sail wa

oper yet e

e wild-goat, i

of a sacred character, which occur eo frequently in

of Nimroud, The lion, or leopard, devouring the

is a well-known symbol of Assyrian origin, afterwards
other Eastern nations, and may typify, according t
the reader, either the subjection of a primitive race by
tribes, or an astronomical phenomenon.

No. 3., diameter 10} inches, and 1} inch deep, with a
in the centre; the handle formed by two rings, working
fastened to a rim, running about one third round the m
secured by five nails or bosses; four bands of embossed
in low relief round the centre, the outer band consisting «
nate standing bulls and crouching lions, Assyrian in ch
treatment; the others, of an elegant pattern, slightly
usual Assyrian border by the introduction of a fanlike
place of the tulip.t

Other dishes were found still better preserved than th
described, but perfectly plain, or having only a star,
Jess elaborate, embossed or engraved in the centre. Ma

* Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series. Plate 60,

f Id. A. Plate 57. I have called this flower, the lotus of the Eg
tures, a tulip, as it somewhat resembles a bright scarlet tulip wl
early spring on the Assyrian plains, and may have suggested this

Cuar, VIL) BRONZE PLATES, 185

ments were alo discovered with elegant handles, some formed by
the figures of rams and bulls

in @&

Finniion of Meeps Teche Uns Won

Of the plates the most remarkable are: —

No. 1., shallow, and 8} inches in diameter, the centre slightly
raised and incised with a star and five bands of tulip-shaped
ornaments; the rest occupied by four groups, each consisting
of two winged hawk-headed sphinxes, wearing the * pshent,”
or crown of the upper and lower country of Egypt; one paw
raised, and resting upon the head of a man kneeling on one knee,
and lifting his hands in the nct of adoration. Between the
aphinxee, on a column in the form of a papyrus-sceptre, is the
bust of a figure wearing on his head the sun's dise, with the urwi
serpents, a collar round the neck, and four feathers; above are two
winged globes with the asps, and a row of birds, Each group is
inclosed by two columns with capitals in the form of the Assyrian
tulip ornament, and is separated from that adjoining by a scarab
with out-spread wings, raising the globe with its fore fect, and
resting with its hind on a papyrus-sceptre pillar.* This plate
is in good preservation, having been found at the very bottom of

* Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series. Plate 63.

bronzes; as in the centre of a well-preserved bowl o
and on a dish.

No. 2., depth, 1} in.; diameter, 9} in. with a
zim, like that of a soup plate, embossed
hounds pursuing a hare. The centre contains a fi
relief, representing combats between men and lions,
border of gazelles, between egret
star,t In this very fine specimen, although the

figures are Egyptian in character, the trestnibat Saad

‘o. 3. shallow; 94 inches diameter; an oval in
covered with dotted lozenges, and set with nine silyer
bably intended to represent a lake or valley, su
groups of hills, each with three crests in high relief,
incised in outline trees and stags, wild goats, , a
On the cides of the hills, in relief, are similar
The outer rim is incised with trees and der. Tl

t Td, Plate 66,

Cuar. VIEL) BRONZE PLATES. 187
} Pcie digest 2 ial ga gated
art diameter, 74 inches, the centre raised, and containing

and trees. A border of figures, almost purely Egyptian, but unfor-
tunately only in part preserved, encircles the plate ; the first remain-
ing group istnt ofa man vated ona throne beneath an omamentol
arch, with the Egyptian Baal, represented as on the coins of

group is that of a warrior in Egyptian attire, holding » mace in
his right hand, and in his left a bow and arrow, with the hair of a
captive of smaller proportions, who crouches before him. At his

A goddess, wearing a long

falco wi ne ght aad tla wai and bola tcp fa
her left. pee eny Sarees ton td bicrociypbs, an ox’s
head and sn ibis or an heron. Over the goddess is a square tablet
for hername. The next group represents the Egyptian Baal (?),
with a liow’s skin round his body, and plumes on his head, having
on each side an E; n figure wearing the “ shent,” or short

king the plumes from the head of

Yictory of Horus over Typhon.

¢, draped in the Assyrian
triple crown of the Egyptian
sword, and in tho other a

A. Plate 61.

* Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series. B. Plate 61, +i
lt ti at ir pti agen covered with
vt ular a
Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series, Plate 62,, and
Wins ction eae

and 2} d
centre astar formed by the Egyptian hawk of the
disc, and having at its side a whip, between two rays
flowers; on the sides are embossed figures of wild
shaped shrubs, and dwarf trees of peculiar formt =

Of the cups the most remarkable are ;—

No, 1, diameter 54 inches, and 2} inches deep, very 4
ornamented with figures of animals, interlaced and
ther in singular confusion, covering the whole inner
parently representing a combat between griffins and
curious and interesting specimen, not unlike some of
chasing of the cinque cento.t
No. 2., a fragment, embossed

figures of lions and bulls, of 4
workmanship.
Of the remaining cups many
but of elegant shape, one or f
YeuesOny,ton tues © FAbbed, and some have simply an

star in the centre.
About 150 bronze vessels discovered in this chamber

* Forthetwo Assyrian bowls see Plate 68, of the Monuments of N
series. These bronzes should also be compared with the vessels found
aud engraved i Grifl's Monumenti do Ceri Antica (Roma, 1841),
‘various terracottas in the British Museum.

+ Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series. Plate 57 .
2 Id. Plate 67

Caar. VIL) ASSYRIAN BRONZE. 191

in the British Museum, without including numerous fragments,
which, although showing traces of ornament, are too far destroyed

decomposition to be cleaned.
I shall add, in an some notes on the bronze and
other substances di at Nimroud, obligingly communicated

to me by Dr. Perey. It need only be observed here, that the
metal of the dishes, bowls, and rings has been carefully ana-
lysed by Mr. T. T. Philips, at the Museum of Practical Geology,

showing that the Assyrians were well aware of the effect produced
by changing the proportions of the metals. These two facts show
the advance made by them in the metallurgic art.

‘The effect of age and decay has been to cover the surface of all
theee bronze objects, with a coating of beautiful crystals of mala-
chite, beneath which the component substances have been converted
ee eee eee
stances no traces whatever of the metals.

It would appear that the Assyrians were unable to give elegant
forms or a pleasing appearance to objects in iron alone, and that
consequently they frequently overlaid that metal with bronze,
either Sy by way of ornament. Numerous in-
teresting this nature are included in the collection
othe Bekah Maus, Although brass is now frequently cast
over iron, the art of using bronze for this purpose had not, I
believe, been introduced into modern metallurgy.” The feet of
the ring-tripods previously described, furnish highly interesting
specimens of this process, and prove the progress made by the

ans in it, The iron inclosed within the copper has not been
exposed to the same decay as that detached from it, and will still
take a polit

‘The tin was probably obtained from Phamnicia ; and consequently
that used in the bronzes in the British Musoum may actually
have been exported, nearly three thousand years ago, from the
British Isles! We find the Assyrians and Babylonians making
‘an extensive use of thisametal, which was probably one of the chief
articles of trade supplied by the cities of the Syrian coast, whose

seamen sought for it on the distant shores of the Atlantic,

* Mr. Robinson of Pimlico has, I am informed, succeeded in imitating some
of the Assyrian specimens,

a -

ae
Z
¢
.

4
i

all

2 Kings, xxiv. 14.16. Joremish, xxiv. 1.; xxix. 2.

sa”

a” Rockicmepieys bens ton booeen of dha
a if
STi ea a ep

196 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. ‘Cena vit.

thrones and farniture. Ezekiel includes “horns of ivory” amongst
the objects brought to Tyre from Dedan, and the Assyrians may
have obtained their supplies from the same countey, which some
believe to have been in the Persian Gulf. *

ote Ocoee awit wis ee Coogee Sa

Amongst various amall objects in bronze were two cubes, each
having on one face the figure of a scarab with outstretched wings
inlaid in gold}; very interesting specimens, and probably amongst
the earliest known, of an art carried in modern times to great
perfection in the East,

Two entire glass bowls, with fragments of others, were als
found in this chamber}; the glass, like all that from the ruins,
covered with pearly scales, which, on being removed, leaye pris
matic opal-like colors of the greatest brilliancy, showing, under

» different lights, the most varied and beautiful tint, lis is a
well known effoct of age, arising from the decomposition of certain
component parts of the glass. These bowls are probably of the
same period as the small bottle found in the ruins of the north-
west palace during the previous excavations, and now in the
British Museum. On this highly interesting relic is the name of
Sargon, with his title of king of Assyria, in cuneiform cha-
racters, and the figure of a lion. We are, therefore, able to fix
its date to the latter part of the seventh century B.¢. Tt ii, con=
sequently, the most ancient known specimen of transparent

none from Egypt being, it is believed, earlier than the time of
the Psamettici (the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth

* Ezek. xxvii. 15. Ivory was amongst the objects brought to Solomen by
the navy of Tharshish (1 Kings x. 22.).
+ They weigh respectively $°264 ox. and 5'299 oz, and have the appearance
‘of weights.
_t The larger, & inches in diameter, and 23 inches deep; the other, 4 inches is
diometer, and 2} deep.

gold.f The metal was most

sad eciiteted) with symbolic Sgures ‘auil) ciaiitand

prism of quate from which it am
ibvious, from the shape and rude cutting of the
been intended a¥ am ornament; we are enti
intonded to be used a8 n lens, either for

‘The carliest use of metal amongst the Greeks 08s
ure beon a1 2 casing to wooden objects.

200 NINEVEIE AND TADYLON, sco

throne. The two pieces of furniture Tork

in a temple as an offering to the gods, as Midas p

in the temple of Delphi.* The ornaments on them

Assyrian, that there can be little doubt of their having been ex-

Hewsly ron for the ‘Aseria kel Lala

of some foreign nation. th
Near the throne, and leaning aguinstthe mouthi« :

was a circular band of bronze, 2 feet, 4 inches i

studded with nails. It appears to have been the

wheel, or of some object of wood.
Such, with an alabaster jar f, and a few other o

were the relics found in the newl,

examination I had made of the building during

tions, this accidental distovery proves that

still exist in the mound of Nimroud, and increases:

that means were not at my command to remove the

the centre of the other chambers in the palace.

* Herod. i. 14. I neod scarvely remind the reader of the frequent mentien,
in ancient historians, of thrones and couches ornamented with metal legs in
the shape of the fect of animals,

+ After my departure from Assyria, a similar alabaster jar was discovered
in an adjoining chamber. Colonel Rawlinson states that the remains of preserves
were found in it, and hence conjectures that the room in whieh the brome
objects described in this chapter were found, was akitehes. There ts
however, to show that this was the case, even if the contents of the jar are
such as Cotonel Rawlinson supposes them to be, It is much more probable,
‘that it was a repository for the royal arms and ‘vessels.

Brien Can Cree the Taree (Seared

Cuar. 1X] “MOVING THE LIONS. 203

juckecrews, upon the cart brought under them. A road paved with
flat stones had been made to the edge of the mound, and the

bones, which, on exposure to the air, fell to dust before I could
ascertain whether they were human or not, The sculptures rested
gimply upon the platform of sun-dried bricks without any other
sub-structure, a mere layer of bitumen, about an inch thick,

having been placed under the plinth.
Owing to recent heavy rains, which had left in many places deep
swamps, we much difficulty in dragging the cart over

unwieldly mass was propelled from behind by enormous levers of
poplar wood ; and in the costumes of those who worked, as well as
in the means adopted to move the colossal sculptures, except that
we used wheeled cart instead of a sledge, the procession closely
pecenaenr stat: in days of yore transported the cath
figures, and which we see so graphically represented on the walls
of Kouyunjik.* As they had been brought so were they taken
away.

Twas necessary to humor and excite the Aribs to induce them
to persevere in the arduous work of dragging the cart through the
deep soft soil into which it continually sank, Ac one time, after
many vain efforts to move the buried wheels, it was unanimously
declared that Mr. Coopor, the artist, brought ill luck, and no one
would work until he retired. The cumbrous machine crept on-
wards for a few more yards, but again all exertions were fruitless,
‘Then the Frank lady would bring good fortune if she sat on the
sculpture. The wheels rolled heavily along, but were soon clogged
once more in the yielding soil. An evil eye surely lurked among the
workmen or the bystanders. Search was quickly made, and one
having been detected upon whom this curse had alighted, he was
ignominiously driven away with shouts and execrations. This im-
pediment having been removed, the cart drew nearer to the village,
but soon again came to a standstill, All the Sheikhs were now
summarily degraded from their rank and honors, and a weak ragged
boy haying been dressed up in tawdry kerchiefs, and invested with

_ LY
.
ae

the neces-
sary reptira they floated \cnwards to: Burrab. iThe'watareof tha
‘Tigris throughout its course had risen far above their usual level.
‘The embankments, long negleoted by the Turkish government, had
given way, and the river, bursting from its bed, spread itself over the
surrounding country in vast lakes and marshes, One of the rafts
Speced i a eungtae * Rcet through a sluice newly
opened in the: bank. Ni the exertions of,

During my visit in the autumn to Bavian, I had been
unable either to examine the rock-tablets with sufficient care, or to
copy the inscriptions. The lions having been moved, [ seized the
first leisure moment to return to those remarkable monuments.

Cawal Yusuf having invited me to the marriage of his niece at
Baashickhah, we left Nimrond early in the morning for that village,
striking Sriarorp ep eat areca + Karakosh (a largo:

war, IX.] THE RIVER GOMEL. 207

In the sides of the same raviné are numerous excavated repul-
chral chambers, with recesses or troughs in them for the recep-
Soe a he eae mee ee vebed icconti sets

Our road from Basshiekhah to Bavian lay across the rocky range
of the Gebel Makloub. Soh See abet precipitous, on
the western face and scarcely practicable to Inden beasts; on the

A ride of seven hours brought us to the foot of the higher lime-
ttone range, and to the mouth of the ravine containing the rock-
Rovian isa mero Kurdish hamlet of five or six

yet been discovered in Assyria.” are carved in relief on the

brawling mountain torrent issuing from the Missouri bills, and one of
the principal feeders of the small river Ghazir, the ancient Bumadus.
The Gomel or Gomela may, perhaps, be traced in the ancient
scoy at Gaaquasddateslabesiat for that great victory which gave
to the Macedonian conqueror the dominion of the Eastern world.

story of the Seren Sleepers snd ‘Dog. There is scarcely a district without
eet lk pe om their miraculous

were first visited by the late M. Rouct, French consal at Morul.
Nineveh nnd its Resins, vol. ii p. 142 note, will be found a short

iption of the scalptares ‘These the rock-
Sa

figure of the King, and behind Mo | aeit
above his a row of smaller figures st
of various forms, as in the rock-sculp are ‘Mal

Caz, 2X7

cotusen Ge Mernduen—uoie ©. le ior ft
TRAYS lefure.

wha che lust tement 2 cars
amin “he nser
f the Wider of “te a ==

Acer ais emma mm tis e+.
Tiver Ze amd ime ae vet in 4x -
the fad oayei > mages
Sov, ce imperanee 7

others were udder ac wenn “ie:
tory. The mestice Ba
of Babylos t% sy rec a asin!
esting, and, # whe tnewcan
may perhaps tree iz
tribes which eae
inhubiting the we regi
stored we shall prdabiy wine
are wanting in the excels of
the same period

‘Mr. Bell, the youthful artist
wes unfortunately drowned when
after my departere fro Mosul,

ge dae
}SS1, shrorthy
hp ISS.

mine
rel
——

* Tt was at this

ES
cy:
EF
s%

i
u
f
ay
Es

i
i
F
'
i
3
i
i

dat its mouth with two rampant

te were clioked up, but we cleared them,
per basin restored the fountain ws

r Cet Mis moomniionte at Bavies, it

suited to devotion and to holy rites.
Ala the bed of the sarc w ravine with.

green myrtle and the gay oleander, b
its rosy blossoms.

T remained two days at Bayian to cop
explore the Assyrian romaine, Hannah
of poor Nestorians, who, driven by wan
‘Tkhoma, chanced to pass through the
away the earth from the lower mo
amongst the ruins. No remains were
ing for a fow days without results, they came

Wishing to visit the Yezidi chiefs, I took the
passing through two large Kurdish villages, Ati
and leaving the entrance to the valley of
‘The district to the north-west of Khinnis is p
tribe professing peculiar religious tenets, and
of Shabbak. Although strange and mysterious
attributed to them, I suspect that they are acaply
of Kurds, who emigrated at some distant period
sian slopes of the mountains, and who still
trines. They may, however, be tainted with
chief, with whom I was acquainted, resides near J

profewed by several tribes in Kurdistan aad
some of the inhabitants of the northern part of the Lebanon range in
consists mainly in the belief, that there have been successive inearn
Deity, the principal having been in the person of Ali, the celebrated
‘of the prophet Mohammed, The name usually given them, Ali

‘believers that Al é God”. “Various abominable rites have bade
frida Yezidis, Ansyris, and all socts whove doctrines are m

Mussulman or Christian population.

ih aak isi ajay of Jékenn ink bone

* Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii, chop. 1

| Hoe

sushi

Cour. XJ ‘RUINS OF MOKEANOUE B - |

toms are necessary. The descent of = bors: is preerved
tradition, and the birth of a ¢olt ian event known to the
tribe. If a townsman or stranger buy a horse, and ix
having written evidence of its race, the eeller, with bic friends,
will come to the nearest town to testify before 2 pers
cially qualified to take the evidence, called “the cadi of

r following our arrival at the
was ushered in by a heavy main. I
tunity of visiting the ruins of Mokhamour,
leave their tents on plundering expeditions
of the Tai, however, would

as carly as the time of our visit the face of the country is usually
covered with their flocks and herda, But the dread of the Sham~-

We kept as much as possible in the broken country at the foot
of the mountain to escape observation, The wooded banks of the
‘Tigris and the white dome of the tomb of Sultan Abdallah were
faintly visible in the distance, and a few artificial mounds rove in
the plains. The pastures were already fit for the flocks, and lux«

uriant grass furnished food for our horses amidst the ruint®
The CC
—

222 NINEVEH AND BABYLON, (Cm. x.

and ends in a cone. It is apparently the remains of a platform
built of earth and sun-dried bricks, originally divided into several

480 paces square. TI could find no remains of masonry, pr Oa
fragments of inscribed bricks, pottery, or sculptured alabaster.

The ruins are near the eouthern spur of Karachok, where that
mountain, after falling suddenly into low broken hills, again rises
into a solitary ridge, called Bismar, peg es i ions
Mokhamour being between the two rivers.
stone ridges, running parallel to the great mt Tags of Pao
such as the Makloub, Sinjar, Karachok, and Hamrin, are a pe-
culiar feature in the geological structure of the country ed
between the ancient province of Cilicia and the Persian
Hog-backed in form, they have an even and emooth outline when
viewed from a distance, but are really rocky and Their
sides are broken into innumerable ravines, producing & variety
of purple shadows, ever changing and contrasting with the rich
golden tint of the limestone, and rendering these solitary hills,
when seen from the plain, objects of great interest and beauty.”
They are, for the most part, but scantily wooded with a dwarf
oak, and that only on the eastern slope; their rocky sides are
generally, even in spring, naked and bare of all vegetation. Few
springs of fresh water being found in them, they are but thinly
inhabited. In the spring months, when the rain has
natural reservoirs in the ravines, a few wandering Kurdish tribes
pitch their tents in the most sheltered spots.

Having examined the ruins, taken bearings of the principal land-
marks, and allowed our horses to refresh themeclyea in the
high grass, I returned to the encampment of the Tai. As we
rode back we spied in the desert three horses, which had bees
probably left by the Bedouins in their retreat, and were now
quietly grazing in the pastures. After many vain efforts we suc
ceeded in driving them before us, and on our arrival at the

* I take this opportunity of mentioning, with the praise it most fully deserves
as a work of art, the Panorama of Nimroud, painted and exhibited Ay Mr, Bur-
ford, in which the Karachok and Makloub are introduced. The tint
by the etting sun on those hills are most faithfully portrayed, be the whole
seene, considering the materials from which the artist worked, is = proof of

his skill as a painter, and of his feeling for Eastern scenery,

nar, XJ _ RUINS OF STIOMAMOK. 223
tents them in due form to the Howar, who was re-

by this unexpected addition
declared he had felt for our.

find no remains to connect it with the
e base is washed by a small stream

our old host Wali Beg, and then con-
tinued our journey to one of the principal artificial mounds of
Shomamok, called the “Kner,” or palace. The
covered with the flocks of the Arabs, the Kochers, and the Dis-

valley, called the Kordereh, and encamped for the night at the
foot of the Kasr, on the banks of a rivulet called As-surayji, which
joins the Korderch below Abou-Jerdeh, near a village named
Salam Aleik,” or “Pence be with you.”

‘The mound is both lange and lofty, and is surrounded by the
remains of an earthen embankment. It is divided almost into
two distinct equal parts by a ravine or watercourse, where an
ascent probably once led from the plain to the edifice on the
summit of the platform. Above the ruins of the ancient buildings

fort, generally garrisoned by troops belonging to

Arbil. er afterwards inhabited by zome

chesh tribe, who were driven away by the ex-
iefs of the Tai. Awad had opened several deep
in the mound, and had discovered chambers,

of plain sundried bricks, others panelled round

the lower part with slabs of reddish limestone, about 34 or 4
feet high, He had also found inscribed bricks, with inscriptions de-
claring that Sennacherib had here built a city, or rather palace, for
oo written aoe cannot, suggest a x eee

Tobserved a thin deposit, or pebbles and rul above
the remains of the Assyrian building, and A beneath

fee

Cuar, x) RUINS OF SHOMANOR. 225

The most remarkable spot in the district of Shomamok is the
Gla (an Arab ion of Kalsh), or the Castle, about two
miles distant from Kasr. It is a natural elevation, left by

the Kordereh, which has worn a deep channel in

FF
£
3
i
E
f
t
i
i

citadel. A few isolated mounds near it have the appear-

ance of detached forts, and nature seems to have formed a com-

plete system of fortification. I have rarely seen a more curious
no

remains of modern habitations on the summit of

which can only be ascended without difficulty from one
side. Awad excavated by my directions in the mound, and dis-
covered traces of Assyrian buildings, and several inscribed bricks,
bearing the name of Sennacherib, and of a castle or palace,
FILS, which, like that on the bricks from the Kasr, I am unable
to interpret. It is highly probable that a natural stronghold,
80 difficult of access, almost impregnable before the use of artillery,
should have been chosen at a very early period for the site of a
castle. Even at this day it might become a position of some im-
portance, especially as a check upon the Arabs and Kurds, who
occasionally lay waste these rich districts. Numerous valloye,
worn by the torrents, descending from the Karachok hills, open
into the Kordereh. They have all the same character, deep gul-
loys, rarely more than halfa mile in width, confined between lofty
perpendicular banks, and watered during summer by small sluggish
rivulets. These sheltered spots furnish the best pastures, and are
frequented by the Disdayi Kurds, whose flocke were already scat-
tered far and wide over their green meadows.

From the Gla I crossed the plain to the mound of Abou Sheetha,
in which Awad had excavated for some time without making any
discovery of interest. Near this ruin, perhaps at its very foot,
must have taken place an event which Ied to one of the
most cclebrated episodes of ancient history. Here were treache-
rously seized Clearchus, Proxenus, Menon, Agias, and Socrates;
and Xenophon, elected to thé command of the Greek auxiliaries,
commenced the ever-memorable retreat of the Ten Thousand: The
Q

Cmar. X.) BAS-RELIEFS DESCRIBED, 229

Sepharvaim?”* They had been carried away with the captives,
and the very idols that were represented in this bas-relief may be
amongst those to which Rabshakeh made this boasting allusion.
‘The captured gods were three, a human figure with outstretched
arms, « lion-headed man carrying a long staff in one hand, and an
image inclosed by a square frame. Within a fortified camp, defended
by towers and battlements, the priests were offering up the sacri-
fices usual upon a victory; the pontiff was distinguished by a high
conical cap, and, as is always the ease in the Assyrian sculptures,
was beardless, By his side stood an assistant. Before the altar, on
which were some sacrificial utensils, was the eacred chariot, with its
elaborate yoke. On a raised band, acroxs the centre of the castle,
was inscribed the name and titles of Sennacherib.t

On the northern side of the great hall the portal formed by the
winged bulls, and the two smaller doorways guarded by coloasal

Jed into a chamber one hundred feet by twenty-four,
which opened into a further room of somewhat smaller dimen-
sions.t In the first,a few slabs were still standing, to show that
on the walls had been represented come warlike expedition of the
Assyrian king, and, as usual, the triumphant issue of the cam-
paign. The monarch, in his chariot, and surrounded by his body-
guards, was seen receiving the captives and the spoil in a
hilly country, whilst his warriors were dragging their horses up a
steep mountain near a fortified town, driving their chariots along
the banks of a river, and slaying with the spear the flying
enemy.§

The bas-reliefs, which had once ornamented the second cham-
ber, had been still more completely destroyed. A few fragments
proved that they had recorded the wars of the Assyrians with a
maritime people, whose overthrow was represented on more than one
sculptured wall in the palace, and who may probably be identified
with some nation on the Phomician coast conquered by Senna-
cherib, and mentioned in his great inscriptions, Their galleys,
rowed by double banks of oarsmen, and the high conical head-
dress of their women, have already been described.) On the
best preserved slab was the interior of a fortified camp, amidst
mountains, Within the walls were tents whose owners were en-

* Leainh, xxxvi. 18, 19.
t fe ho hcp ok al tele eld et
$ Nos. vii. and viii, Plan

Puss 60/0 series of Monumeata of Ninayely
|) Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 128. *
a + " <e

a robe |

ee a

Avpure(e(teTetaes/)Xooyonse —gimilarly attired. Their
been read ‘Tokkari, and they have been identified w

+ Nineveh and its Remaing, vol. i. p.243. Tt was first 1
Be Veneers pda aperpeeed gr
‘of fortifications in the bas-relief represent a fortified camp, and not
(@ Assyria, her and Customs, &c.," p.327., by Mr. Gos,—a wo

general of I take the opportunity
sal, Pla 1. Some of the slabs had

Omar, X.) ASSYRIAN BAS-RELIEPS 233

bearing a man fishing, and two others seated before a pot or caldron.
Along the banks, and apparently washed by the stream, was a wall
with equidistant towers and battlements, On another part of the
game river were men ferrying horses across the river in boats, whilst
others were swimming over on inflated skins, The water swarmed
with fish and crabs, Gardens and orchards, with various kinds of
trees, appeared to be watered by canals similar to those which once
spread fertility over the plains of Babylonia, and of which the
choked-up beds still remain, A man, suspended by a rope, was
being lowered into the water. Upon the corner of a slab almost
destroyed, was a hanging garden, supported upon columns, whose
capitals were not unlike those of the Corinthian order. This repre-
sentation of ornamental gardens was highly curious. It is much to
be regretted that the baz-reliefs had sustained too much injury to
be restored or removed.

Oe tet Leeeegoem te the Dre

CHAP. XI.

PREPARATIONS FOR A JOURNEY TO THR KHANOUM.—=SCULPTURES DISCOVERED
THREE. — SHEIKH SUTTUM.— 28 REDIVT.— DEFARTCRE FROM MOEUE. —
YIUST ENCAMYMENT.—ANOU KIAMEERA.—A STORM. — THE #UMCABL —=&
STHANGER.— TRL JEMAL,—=-THE CHIKE OF TKL AYEM.—A SUNSET EN TIE
DRSERT.— A JBOUR WNCANPNENT.—THR WHLLED SINZAR.— THE SINIAE
HILL, — MIREAN, — NUKEA.— THE DRESS OF THE YExIpM.— TIER RIOMAL
— OS09A.— ALDINA.—=XETURN TO THE UELLED,—A SNAKE-CIAMMEH —
JOURNEY CONTINUED IN THR DESERT.—MISHWAN, —ENCAMOMENT OF TICE
HOMALJ.— DRESS OF ARAB WOMEN.—RATWAITAH. — HAWKING.—A DRPUTA*
‘TION FROM THE TREE — ARAB ENCAMEMLNTS,—THE KMABOUR-—MOMAM-
MED EMIN.— ARRIVAL AT ARTAN.

I nap long wished to visit the banks of the Khabour. This river,
the Chaboras of the Greek geographers, and the Habor, or Chebar,
of the Samaritan captivity *, rises in the north of Mesopotamia,
and flowing to the west of the Sinjar hill, falls into the Euphrates
near the site of the ancient city of Carchemish ¢ or Circesium,
etill known to the Bedouins by the name of Carkescen. As it
winds through the midst of the desert, and its rich pastures are

#2 Kings, xviii. 11, Ezek. i. 1, + 2Chron, xxv, 20,

Oumar, XI.) JOURNEY TO THE DESERT. 235

the resort of wandering tribes of Arabs, it is always difficult of
access to the traveller. It was examined, for a short distance
from its mouth, by the expedition under Colonel Chesney; but
the general course of the river was imperfectly known, and several
geographical questions of interest connected with it were unde-
termined previous to my visit.

With the Bedouins, who were occasionally my guests at Mosul
or Nimroud, as well as with the Jebours, whose encamping

beauty of its flowers, its jungles teeming with game of all kinds,
sar as ie Tees A cases a ing ean ees eess

the hottest days of summer, formed a terrestrial paradise
bar Marianne nly tart eagerly turned his steps when he
could lead his flocks thither in safety, Ruins, too, as an ad-
ditional attraction, were declared to abound on its banks and
formed the principal inducement for me to undertake a long
and somewhat hazardous journey. I was anxious to determine
how far the influence of Assyrian art and manners extended, and
whether monuments of the game period as those discovered at
Nineveh existed so far to the west of the Tigris. During the
winter my old friend Mohammed Emin, Sheikh of one of the
principal branches of the Jebour tribe, had pitched his tents on
the river. Arabs from his encampment would occasionally wander
to Mosul. They generally bore an invitation from their chief,
urging me to visit him when the spring rendered march through
the desert both easy and pleasant. But when a note arrived
from the Sheikh, announcing that two colossal idols, similar to
those of Nimroud, had suddenly appeared in a mound by the
river side, I hesitated no longer, and determined to start at once
for the Khabour. ‘To avoid, however, any disappointment, I sent
one of my own workmen to examine the pretended sculptures.
As he confirmed, on his return, the account I had received, I Jost
no time in making preparations for the journey.

As the Shammar Bedouins were seattered over the desert he-
tween Mosul and the Khabour, and their horsemen continually
scoured the plains in search of plunder, it was necessary that we
should be protected and accompanied by an influential chief of the
tribe. L accordingly sent to Suttum, a Sheikh of the Boraij, one
of the principal branches of the Shammar, whose tents were at
that time pitched between the river and the ruins of El Hather.

Sattum — a had already given proofs of

236 NINEVEH AND BABYLON, ‘[emar,

his trustworthiness and intelligence on more than one similar
occasion. He lost no time in obeying the summons. Arrange-
ments were soon made with him. He agreed to furnish camels
fp osnibegues: soditn re wperspr tires
my caravan in safety again within the of Mosul. He ro
feel oon dork Ah ee to make other

frequently infers a more intimate connection en 5 alae
panionship on a camel, It is customary with them for a warrior
to swear a kind of brotherhood with a person not a not related
to him by blood, but frequently even of a different
men connected by this tie are inseparable. They go omaee
war, they live in the same tent, and are allowed to see each other's
wives. They become, indeed, more than brothers. Khoraif was
of the tribe of the Aneyza, who have a deadly feud with the
Shammar, Having loft his own kith and kin on account of some
petty quarrel, he had joined their enemies, and had become the
rediff of Suttum, dwelling under his canvass, accompanying hi

in his expeditions, and riding with him on his deloul. Although
he had deserted his tribe, Khoraif had not renounced all connection
with his kindred, nor had he been cut off by them,
allied to two powerful clans, he was able to render equal services to
any of his old or new friends, who might fall into each other's
hands. It is on this account that a warrior generally chooses his
rediff from a warlike tribe with which he is at enmity, for if taken
in war, he would then be dakheel, that is, protected, by the family,
or rather particular sept, of his companion, On other
hand, should one of the rediff's friends become the
the sub-tribe into which his kinsman has been adopted, he would
be under its protection, and could not be molested. Thus Khoraif
would have been an important addition to our party, had we fallen

‘

* Tuso the word “ dromedary” for a swift riding camel, the Delou! of tbe:
Arabs, and Hejin of the Turks: it is so applied generally, although incorrectly.

by Europeans in the East,

238 NINEVEH AND BABYLON, Loman. x1.

coins Palate ‘iat
— might ge through
Py Hid inot nvo-the tows until escly an bberiaelcaaedeanee
the caravan, to give time for the loads to be finally

the line of march to erin When we had all assembled |
eeu See our party bad swollen into a little army,
‘The Doctor, Mr. , and Mr. Hormuzd Rassam, of course,

joined our expedition. “My Yezidi fellowstraveller from Coustas-
tinople, Cawal Yusuf, with three companions, was to :
the Sinjar, and to accompany us in our tour through
Several Jebour families, whose tribe was encamped
Psera, near the mouth of the Khabour, seized this op
to join their friends, taking with thom their tents.
‘Thirteen or fourteen Bedouins had charge of the camel
with the workmen and servants, our caravan cor
one hundred well-armed men; a force sufficient to ey
hostile party with which we we aly to fll a eee
journey. We had about five and twenty camels, and prietiroar
horses, some of which were led. As it was spring time and
pastures were good, it was not necessary to carry much provender
Fecoccaniunle. Hosein Bey, the Tet chiehi and many of our
friends, as it is customary in the East, rode with us during part
of our firet etago; and my excellent friend, the Rev. Mr. Ford, aa
American missionary, then resident in Mosul, paseed the first even-
ing under our tents in the desert,

Suttum, with his rediff, rode a light fleet dromedary, which had
been taken in a plundering expedition from the Aneyza. Its name
was Dhwaila, Its high and picturesque saddle was profusely |
ornamented with brass bosses and nails; over the seat was thrown
the Baghdad double bags adorned with long tassels and
many-colored wools, 60 much coveted by the Bedouin. ‘The;
had the general direction and superintendence of our march. The
Mesopotamian desert had been his home from his birth, and he
knew every spring and pasture. He was of the Seadi, one of the —

v 240 NINEVEH AND BABYLON
| ‘A restleas and sparkling eye of pete egien
| States
ken, is was into
Ike that of the papers beer |

| Arab shirt, and over it a cloak of blue cloth, trimmed with
silk and lined with fur, a present from some Pasha as he pretended,
| but more probably a part of some great man's wardrobe that had been
appropriated without its owner's consent. A. colored kerchief, or
keffich, was thrown loosely over his head, and confined above the
temples by a rope of twisted camel's hair. At ‘sieve
scimitar, an antique horse-pistol was held vy tied as a
round his waist, and a long spear, tufted wil ‘lack ont
and ornamented with scarlet streamers, rested on his shoulder. He
was the very picture of a true Bedouin Sheikh. and his liveliness,
his wit, and his singular powers of conversation, which made him
the most agreeable of companions, did not belie his race.* The
reat of my party, with the exception of the workmen, who were
on foot, or who contrived to find places on the ioesle maa ‘pare
camel, were on horseback. Tho Bairakdar had the general man-
agement of the caravan, superintending, with untiring zeal and
activity, the loading and unloading of the animals, the pitching of
the tents, and the night watches, which are highly necessary in the
} desert.
| Aa we wound slowly over the low rocky hills to the west of the
town of Mosul, in a long straggling line, our caravan had a
and motley appearance ; Europeans, Turks, Bedouins,
Tiyari, and Yezidis, were mingled in singular confusion; each
adding, by difference of costume and a profusion of bright colors,
to the general picturesqueness and guiety of the scene.
The Tigris, from its entrance into the low country at the foot of
the Kurdish mountains near Jezireh, to the ruined town of Dekrit,
is separated from the Mesopotamian plains by a range of low lime-

* Burckhardt, the English traveller best acquainted with the Bedonin chs |
racter, and admirably correct in describing it, makes the following remarks:
“ With all their faults, the Bedouins are one of the noblest nations with which _
x ever tea an opportunity of becoming acquainted. .., The sociable character of
when there is no question of profit or interest, may be deseribeil
= truly pahey His cheerfulness, wit, softness of temper, and.
sagacity, which enable him to make shrewd remarks on all subjects, render him |
a pleasing, and often a valunble, companion, His equality of temper ie never
ruflled by fatigue or suffering.” (Notes on the Bedouins, pp. 203.208.) Tne

fortunately, since Burckhardt's time, closer intercoorse with the
with Europeans, has much tended to destroy many good features in
character.

omar, Xt) ENOAMP AT SATIAGHT. 241

etone hills We rode over thie undulating ground for about an
hour and a half, and then descended into the plain of Zerga,
eneamping for the night near the ruins of a small village, with
a falling Kasr, called Sahaghi, about twelve miles from Mosul.
‘The place had been left by its inhabitants, like all others on

wilderness, by continued miagovernment, oppression, and neglect.

Our tents were pitched near a pool of rain water, which, al-
though muddy and scant, sufficed for our wants. There are no
springs in this part of the plain, and the Bedouins are entirely
dependent upon such temporary supplies. ‘The remains of ancient
villages show, however, that water is not concealed far beneath
the surface, and that wells once yielded all that was required for
irrigation and human consumption.

The londs had not yet been fairly divided amongst the camels,
and the sun had risen above the horizon, before the Bedouins had
arranged them to their satisfaction, and were ready to depart,
‘The plain of Zerga was carpeted with tender grass, scarcely yet
forward enough to afford pasture for our animals. Scattered here
and there were tulips of a bright scarlet bue, the oarliest flower of
the spring.

A ride of three hours and a quarter brought us to a second line
of limestone hills, the continuation of the Tel Afer and Sinjar
range, dividing tho small plain of Zerga from’ the true Mesopo-
tamian desert. From a peuk which I ascended to take bearings,
the vast level country, stretching to the Euphrates, lay like a map
beneath me, dotted with mounds, but otherwise unbroken bya
single eminence, The ngarest and most remarkable group of ruins
was called Abon Khameera, and consisted of a lofty, conical mound
surrounded by a square inclosure, or ridge of earth, marking, as at
Kouyunjik and Nimroud, the remains of ancient walle, From the
foot of the hill on which I stood there issued a small rivulet, winding
amongst rushes, and losing itself in the plain. This running water
had drawn together the black tents of the Jehesh, a half sedentary
tribe of Arabs, who cultivate the lands around the ruined village
of Abou Maria. Their flocks grazing on the plain, and the shep-

_—_ the only living objects in that bound-
“ R

inte se, pei, the Anal on bela ese

of several distinct platforms or terraces rising one aboye the
other. It ie almost perpendicular on its four sides, exeept where, on
the south-eastern, there appoars to have been an inclined ascent, or
a flight of steps, leading to the summit, and it stands nearly in the

centre of an inclosure of earthen walls forming a regular quad-
rangle about 660 paces square. The workmen had opened deep
trenches and tunnels in several parts of the bd peices
had found walls of sun-dried brick, unseulptured
and some circular stone sockets for the hinges of gates, similar to
those discovered at Nimroud. The baked bricks and the pieces
of gypsum and pottery scattered amongst the rubbish bore no
inscriptions, nor could J, after the most careful search, find the
smallest fmgment of sculpture. T have no hesitation, however,
in assigning the ruins to the Assyrian period.

‘The Jehesh encamped near Abou Kbamecra were nnder oe

free from molestation in this part of the desert.

One of those furious and sudden atorma, which frequently sweep
over the plains of Mesopotamia during the spring season, buret
oyer us in the night. Whilst incessant lightnings broke the gloom,
a raging wind almost drowned the deep roll of the thunder, The

* Thore Ss a second spring of fresh water called Sheikh Thrahim,
high rock named Massoud. The whole line of hills bounding the pe .
Zerga to the west is called Kebritiyab, « the sulphur range,” from
Spring rising at their feet, In this range are several remarkable
as landmarks from great distances in the devert.

+ See p.225.

1 a

Cuan. XL] TEL ERMAB, 243

united strength of the Armbs could scarcely hold the flapping
canvass of the tents. Rain descended in torrents, sparing us no
place of ehelter, Towards dawn the hurricane had passed away
Teaving a still and cloudless sky. When the round clear sun rose
from the broad expanse of the desert, a delightful calm and fresh=
ness pervaded the air, producing mingled sensations of pleasure
and repose.

‘The vegetation was far more forward in that part of the desert
traversed during the day’s journey than in the plain of Zerga.
‘We trod on a carpet of the brightest verdure, mingled with gaudy
flowers, Men and animals rejoiced equally in these luxuriant
pastures, and lea’ the line of march strayed over the mea-
dows. On all sides of us rose Assyrian mounds, now covered with
toft herbage, I rode with Suttum from ruin to ruin, examining
cach, but finding no other remains than fragments of pottery aud
baked bricks, The Bedouin chief had names for them all, but they
were more Arab names, derived generally from some local pocu-
Tiarity; the more ancient had been long lost. From his child
hood his father’s tents had been pitched amongst these ruing
for some weeks twice, nearly every year; when in the spring
the tribe journeyed towards the banks of the Khabour, and again
when in autumn they re-sought their winter camping-grounds
around Babylon. These Jofty mounds, seen from a t distance,
and the best of landmarks in a yast plain, guide the Bedouin in
his yearly wanderings.”

Tel Ermah, “ the mound of the spears,” had been visible from
our tents, rising far above the surrounding ruins. As it was
a little out of the direct line of march, Suttum mounted one of
our led horses, and leaving Khoraif to protect the caravan, rode
with me to the spot. The mound ie precizely similar in character
to Abou Khameera and Mokhamour, and, like them, stands within
© quadrangle of earthen walla, On its south-eastern side also is a
ravine, the remains of the ascent to the several terraces of the
building. The principal ruin has assumed a conical form, like the
high mound at Nimroud, and from the same cause. It was, I
presume, originally square. Within the inclosure are traces of

* The following are the names of the principal mounds seen during this day's
march : Erma, Shibbit, Duroge, Addiyab, Abou-Kubbah, and Khurals, each
nase being preceded by the Arabic word Tel, i.e. mound. They are laid down.
in the map gery distal at nies iare, bene ta Ef
carefal secon and in be tame A

ancient dwellings, but I was unable to find any inscribed fragments

of stone or brick. se. 34k +p

moving object. :
T could Pasoaly diettngalih Pent skill he pointed, the Sk
saw that it was a rider on adromedary, He now, therefore, |
to watch the stranger with that eager curiosity and n
shown by a Bedouin when the solitude of the desert is broken by
a haman being of whose condition and business he is ignorant.
Sattum soon satisfied himself as to the character of the solitary

|
i
z
|
i

meet in
and are as yet distrustful of cach other. I marked
the ruin as they cautiously approached, now halting,
ing nigh, and then pretending to ride away in an
direction. At length, recognising one another, they
having first dismounted to embrace, came towards
As Suttum had conjectured, a messenger had been sent to
from his father’s tribe. The Boraij were now moving towards
north in search of the spring pastures, and their tents would’
pitched in three or four days beneath the Sinjar hill. Suttum
at once understood the order of their march, and made arrange-
ments to mect them accordingly. :
Leaving the ruins of Tel Ermah, we found the caravan halting
near some wells of sweet water, called Marzib, They belong to

5
&

sebe

plots were left unprotected.

From thia spot the old castle of Tel Afor*, standing
an eminence about ten miles distant, was plainly visible.
tinuing our march we reached, towards evening, a group of mounds
known as Tel Jemal, and pitched in the midst of them ona green
lawn, enamelled with flowers, that furnished a carpet for our tents
unequalled in softness of texture, or in richness of color, by the
looms of Cashmere, A sluggish streum, called by the EL

* Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 313.

Cuay. X14.) THE BELLED SINJAR. 247

examined were called Hathail and Usgah. They resembled those
of Abou-Khameerah and Tel Ermah, with the remains of terraces,
Lsil othe ites SAG Na
closure of earthen walls.

We rode in a direct line to the Belled Sinjar, the residence of
the governor of the district. There was no beaten track, and the
camels wandered along as they listed, cropping ws they went the
young grass, The horsemen and footmen, too, scattered them-
selves over the plain in search of game. Suttum rode from

as the 2 occasional, this part of the desert.
But to little purpose ; the feeling of liberty and independence
which these boundless meadows ‘was too complete and

is bead of the Jebours, and chant their war aga ee
words suited to the occasion. ‘The men answered in chorus, dan-
cing a3 they went, brandishing their weapons, and raising their
bright-colored kerchiefé, ns flags, on the end of their spears. ‘The
more sedate Bedouins smiled in contempt at these noisy effusions
a a only worthy of tribes who have touched the plough; but they

lulged in no less keen, thongh more suppressed, emotions of
delight. Even the Tiyari caught the general enthusiasm, and sung
their mountain songs as they walked along.

As we drew near to the foot of the hills we found a large
encampment, formed partly by Jebours belonging to Sheikh Abd-
|-Azeez, and Lig by a Sinjar tribe called Mendka, under a
chief known as the “ Bifendi,” who enjoys considerable influence
this district. His tent is frequently a place of refuge for
Bedouin chiefs and others, who have fled from successful rivals,
or from the ‘Turkish authorities, His grandfather, a Yezidi in
creed, embraced Mohammedanism from political motives. ‘The
conversion was not consequently very sincere, and his descendants
are still suspected of a leaning to the faith of their forefathers.
‘This double character is one of the principal causes of the Effendi’s
influence. His tribe, which inhabits the Belled and adjoining
‘villages on the south side of the mountain, consists almost entirely
of Yesidis The chief himself resides during the winter and

* A plundering party, the chappow ofthe Persian

—eEE «=

Cuan. XLj RUINS OF THE BELLED SINJAR. 249

‘The tent was soon filled with the people of the Belled, and they
remained in animated discussion until the night was far spent.
Early on the followi jing, I returned the visit of the
yernor, and, from ihe taeek or Ute aeill castle tac tse of the
principal objects in the plain. The three remarkable peaks rising
in the low range of Kebriteoyah, behind Abou Khameera, were
still visible in the extreme distance, and enabled me to fix with
some accuracy the position of many ruins. They would be useful
landmarks in a survey of this part of the desert. About four or
five miles distant from the Belled, which, like the fort, is built on

ins simply the “ Hosh,”
the courtyard or inclosure.

‘The ruins of the ancient town, known to the Arabs as “ EL
Belled,” or the city, are divided into two distinct parta by a range
of rocky hills, which, however, are cleft in the centre by the bed of
@ torrent, forming a narrow mvine between them. This ryine is
crossed by a strong well-built wall, defended bya dry ditch cut into
the solid rock. An archway admits the torrent into the southern
part of the city, which appears to have contained the principal edi-
fices. The northern half is within the valley, and is surrounded by
ruined fortifications. could find no traces of remains of any period
earlier than the Mohammedan, unless the dry ditch excavated in the
rock be more ancient; nor could obtain any relics, or coins, from
the inhabitants of the modern village. The ruins are, undoubtedly,
those of the town of Sinjar, the capital of an Arab principality in
the time of the Caliphs. Its princes frequently asserted their
independence, coined money, and ruled from the Khabour and
Euphrates to the neighbourhood of Mosul, ‘The province was in=
cluded within the dominions of the celebrated Salch-ed-din (the
Suladin of the Crusades), and was more than once visited by

him.

* There were alo coins of Severus, Singora. It is to
bbe remarked that in consequence of eonsidesatie trees an the accounts

251

VILLAGES OF THE SINJAR.

-Cmar. XL]

1 inal;
: ant fui
He

fla

Eag seand

ait finaly HUET

the ol eater ah Sie Kw atic

‘the tee The tw Gen w 4

tw the wie A Nie Core Aeieny tie
lt

peters

;
é
i
I
i
t
i

with the borue off dinezp, date oe cerrither, by creasional
mot

4
if.
afm

solitary dye Ging:

opened round ms

252 NINEVEH AND BABYLON,

each distinctly marked by: ity, cbarps sesrated onllinesy
snow-covered heights of Tiyari and Bohtan.
_ of the Sinjar artificial mounds appeared to al
I could distinguish but few such remain. We d

Faeaso of a Tends Kivaet a Batre, to he Beopee,

clouds flitting over the face of the land, and the shadows a}
Jengthen towards the close of day, produce constantly ¢
effects of singular variety and beauty.”

At was night before we reached Bukra, where we y
comed with great hospitality. The best house in the

A bt png heer itl leer Sola
plains of Mesopotamia, can never forget the singular
must have made upon him, The view en center ea a
and varied. i

=. i

amicable arrangement were agreed to and rat eon-

sent. Sheep were slain to celebrate the event. The meat, after

the Yezidi fashion, was boiled in onions, and a kind of parched
*

tervening between each. They are grouped together on the
mountain side, which, above and below them, is divided into ter~
races and planted with fig-trees. The loose stones are most care=
fully removed from every plot of earth, however small, and’ built
up into walls; on the higher slopes are a few vineyards,

We paszed the night at Aldina, in the house of Murad, ono of
the imprisoned chiefs, whose release I had obtained before leaving
Mosul. 1 was able to announce the good tidings of his approach-
ing vetarn to his wife, to whom he had been lately married, and
who had given birth to a child during his absence.

Below Aldina stands a remarkable ziareh, inclosed by a wall o.
cyclopean dimensions. In the plain beneath, in the midst of
grove of trees, is the tomb of Cawal Hussein, the father of Cawal
Yusuf, who died in the Sinjar during one of his periodical visit-
ations, He was a priest of sanctity and influence, and his
grave is still visited as a place of pilgrimage. Sucrifices of sheep
are made there, but they are merely in remembrance of the
deceased, and have no particular religious meaning attached to
them. ‘Tho flosh is distributed amongst the poor, and a sum of
money is frequently added. Approving the ceremony as one
tending to promote charity and kindly feeling, I gave a sheep to
be sacrificed at the tomb of the Cawal, and one of my fellow
travellers added a second, the careases being afterwards divided
among the needy.

All the villages we had passed during our short day's journey

uals

was extremely precipitous, ly
the summit. We then found ourselves on a b

platform thickly wooded with dwarf oak. I:

see snow still lying in the sheltered nooks.

boars, and we put up several coveys of the large red
‘The Doctor and Mr. R., who joined us soon after we
‘our tents, had seen several wild goats, and had found »
devoured by the wolves.

in crossing the mountain.
Suttum and his Bedouin companions were

eee Tn sie
is salt HE git iy ba: i ile Lae
eae Hat) staeseed aig
(yi ean bataieg Hiei
il We ‘HEHE i Tad tha
ul ihn higuitt Ui ld
aah ee
aaa Hat (ih eit
Heit bat rT
i Hy pitt TWGHA tg eee

We followed a pathway over the broken ground at the foot of

the Sinjar, crossing deep watercourses worn by the small streams,

260 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. Comar. x1.

extinct, and perhaps more highly prized than any other of the
Desert, He had established bis fame when but two years old.
Ferhan, with the principal warriors of the Khurusseh", had crossed
the Euphrates to plunder the Aneyza, They were met by a supe-
rior force, and were completely defeated. The best mares of the
tribe fell into the hands of the enemy, and the bay colt alone, al-
though followed by the flectest horses of the Anoyza, distanced his
pursuers.t Such noble qualities, united with the purest blood,
rendered him worthy to be looked upon as the public property of
the Shammar, and no sum of money would induce his owner to
part with him. With a celebrated bay horse belonging to the
Hamond, a branch of the same tribe, he was set apart to propagate
the race of the finest horses in M ia. In size he was
small, but large in bone and of excellent proportions. On all
sides I heard extraordinary instances of his powers of endurance
and speed.

Near the encampment of the Boraij was a group of mounds
resembling in every respect those I have already described. The
Bedouins call them Abou-Khaima. Are these singular rains these
of towns or of temples? ‘Their similarity of form,—a contre mound
divided into a series of terraces, asconded by an inclined
steps, and surrounded by equilateral walls,—would lead to the
ture that they were fire temples, or vast altars, destined for Astnl
worship. It will be seen hereafter that the well-known ruin of
the Birs Nimroud, on or near the site of ancient Babylon, is very
nearly thesamein shape, When I come to describe those
able remains, I will add some further observations upon their ori-
ginal form.

* Five sects or subdivisions of the great tribe of Shammar, renowned for
their bravery and virtues, and suppased to be descended from the same stock,
are 60 called, ‘Their hereditary chief is Ferhan. ‘To belong tothe Khurasel
is an honorable distinction amongst theShammar. ‘The five septs are the
Boraij, the Fedagha, the Alayian, the Ghishms, and the Hathba; of this last
und of the family of Ahl-Mohammed, was the celebrated Bedouin chief Sofuk.
‘The other clans forming the tribe of Shammar are the Abde, Assniyah (divided
into As-Subhi and Al-Aslam), ‘Thabet, Hamoud, Theghaygheh, Ghatha, Dhi
rayrie, Ghufayls, and Azumail. All these tribes are again divided into numerous
septs. Tho Assaiyah have noarly all crossed the Euphrates, owing to a blood
feud with the rest of the Shammar, and have united with the Aneyza. ‘The
Raffidi, however, a large section of the Ancyza, have left their kindred, and are
now incorporated with the Shammar-

¢ It ie an error to suppose that the Bedouins never ride horses; for several
reasons, however, they seldom do so.

the enemy, is

pitality, and the first to meet the foe. This position, however, varies
in winter, when the tent must be closed completely on one side,

-to the prevailing wind, so that when the wind

the whole camp suddenly, as it wert, turns round, the last tent
becoming the foremost. It is thought unmannerly to approach
by the back, to step over the tent-ropes, or to ride towards the
woman's compartment, which is almost always on the right. Dur-

previous’ to’ our arrival, as it might’ have been doubtful whether
the animals Had been slain wholly for us. The chief men of
the encampment’ collected round us, crouching in a wide circle
on the gma We talked of Arab politics and Amb war, gharour,
and Aneyza: mares stolen or'carried off in battle by the Shammar,

" ) heavy with the steaming messes of rice mv?

ae
aa s3

Cmar, XD DRESS OF ARAR WORN >

in the same metal, and also set with precious stones, eneinlod then
wrists and ankles. Some wore necklaces of coins, coarse amber,
agate, cornelian beads and cylinders, mostly Assyrian qlies pichod

up amongst ruins after rain, These ornaments wer contined to
the unmarried girls, and to the youngest and prettiest wiven, who

on waxing old are obliged to transfer them to a more fayared
successor.

When Bedouin ladics leave their tents, or ure
they sometimes wear a black kerchief over the lower purt of the
face, showing only their sparkling eyes. Li
use the keffieh, or head-kerchief, to cover their fe
complexion is of a dark rich olive. ‘The
shaped, expressive, and of extraordinary brilli

Laire

euffer their black, and luxuris
Their carria: youth is
bear much * A

ments of
compar:
twenty, a=

neue

art

7 Te neanE oF ieadi

the spring and autumn, and falling by night on

ments, plunder their tents, and drive off their
ing to the hills, they can defy in their fastnesses
the Bedouins.

The Yozidis returned to their encampment late | ae
about a hundred of their horsemen were again with me b
tents were struck in the morning. They promised

engagements entered into on the previous hips.»
panied me for some miles on poles

returned with them on bis way back to Mosul, It was ag
he should buy, at the annual auction, the pret
the Sinjar +, and save the inhabitants from the tyranny

* Literally, !strongth-money:” the small tribes, who wander in
Meptsiechursihe the eilages goa ita, olga sea ore Wad
under the protection of some powerful tribe to avoid
Each great divbion of the Shammar recetves« prevtt of fase
corn, or barley, from some tribe or another for this
respected by the other branches of the tribe. Thus the Jehesh
the Boruij, the Jebours of the Khabour to Ferban (the her
the Shammur), ee rene Ate este Lea Should
of the Shammar plunder, or injure, tribes thus paying kowoe, their yr
ure bound to make good, or revenge, thelr losses,

t The revenues, i.e. the different taxes, tithes, &e, of some p
by auction in the spring to the highest bidders, who pay the

‘or give sufficient scourity, and collect the revenues themselves. —
Lape has contributed greatly to the ruin of some of the finest p

‘einpire

the owners feared dangénci
ce from them to avoid entering them as g

tent, used by the

iu sr el
EH IHHTE

fi Ale :
al

Z ili

Citar, XL) SHEIKH MOHAMMED EMIN, 269

Hamoud are notorious for treachery and cruelty, and certainly the
looks of those who gathered round us, many of them grotesquely
attired in the plundered garments of the slaughtered Turkish sol
dicry, did not belie their reputation. They fingered every article
of dress we had on, to learn its texture and value.

Leaving their encampments, we rode through vast herds of
camels and flocks of sheep belonging to the tribe, and at length
came in sight of the river.

‘The Khabour flows through the richest pastures and meadows,
Its banks were now covered with flowers of every hue, and its
windings through the green plain were like the coils of a mighty
serpent. I never beheld a more lovely scene. An uncontrollable
emotion of joy seized all our party when they saw the end of
their journey before them. The horsemen urged their horses to
full speed; the Jebours dancing in a circle, raised their colored
kerchiefs on their spears, and shouted their war ery, Hormuzd
leading the chorus; the Tiyari eang their mountain songs and fired
their muskets into the air.

‘Trees in full leaf lined the water’s edge. From amongst them
issued a body of mounted Arabs. As they drew nigh we recog-
nized at their head Mohammed Emin, the Jebour Sheikh, and his
sons, who had come out from their tents to welcome us, We dis-
mounted to embrace, and to exchange the usual salutations, and
then rode onwards, through a mass of flowers, reaching high above
the horses’ knees, and such as I had never before scen, even in the
most fertile parts of the Mesopotamian wilderness.

The tents of the chief were pitchod under the ruins of Arban,
and on the right or northern bank of the river, which was not at
this time fordable. As we drew near to them, after a ride of
nearly two hours, Mohammed Emin pointed in triumph to the
sculptures, which were the principal objects of my visit. They
stood a little above tho water's edge, at the base of a mound of
considerable size. We had passed several tels and the double banks
of ancient canals, showing that we were still amidst the remains
of ancient civilisation. Flocks of sheep and herds of camels
were spread over the meadows on both sides of the river. ‘Phey
belonged to the Jebours, and to a part of the Boraij tribe under
Moghamis, a distinguished Arab warrior, and the uncle of Suttum.
Bufialoes and cattle tended by the Sherabbeen and Buggara, small
clans pasturing under the protection of Mohammed Emin, stood

CHAP. XII.

ARRAN. — OUR RNCAMPMENT. — AUTTUM AND MONAMMED KAUN. — WINGED
BULLS DISCOVERED. — EXCAVATIONS COMMENCED.—THAIR RESULTS, — wis
COVERY OF SMALL OBJECTS —OF SNCOND PAIN OF WINGED BULLS—OF LIOX—
OF CHINESE BOTTLE—OF YASE—OF EGYFTIAN SCAMADS—OF TOMBS. —
‘Tim SCENE OF THE CAPTIVITY.

Ow the morning after our arrival in front of the encampment of
Sheikh Mohammed Emin we crossed the Khabour on a small raft,
and pitched our tents on its right, or northern, bank, I found the
Tuins to consist of a large artificial mound of irregular shape,

and of several Arab tribes who had placed themselves under
their protection; the Sherabeen, wandering keepers of herds of
buffiloes ; the Buggara, driven by the incursions of the Aneyza
from their pasture grounds at Ras-al-Ain (the source of the
Khabour); and some families of the Jays, a large clan residing in

brother chiefs had now joined Mohammed Emin, From the top of
the mound the eye ranged over # level country bright with flowers,

emerald green of the most luxuriant of pastures. ‘The glowing de-
ecriptions I had so frequently received from the Bedouins of the

crops of grass aering the year, and the wandering tribes look upon
ii constant greensward as a paradise during the
summer months, where man can enjoy a cool shade, and beast can
find frosh and tonder herbs, whilst all around is yellow, parched,
and aapless.
Tn the extreme distance, to the east af us, rosea solitary conical
elevation, called by the Arabs, Koukab. In front, to the south,
was the beautiful hill of the Sinjar, ever varying in color and in
outline as the declining sun left fresh shadows on its furrowed sides.
Behind us, and not far distant, was the low, wooded range of Abd-
ul-Azeez, Artificial mounds, emaller in size than Arban, rose here
and there above the thin belt of trees and shrubs skirting the
a hel b i large enough to hold full
I had brought with me a tent to two
lasaienl weenncenoeindint oo ee
r

ts on a refum no offence ‘a taken,

276 NINEVEH AND BABYLON, -Comar, xaL

ably from them. ‘The outline and treatment was bold and angu-
ae with an archaic fecling conveying the a
antiquity. They bore the same relation to the more
finished and highly ornamented sculptures of Nimroud, as the
earliest remains of Greck art do to the exquisite monuments
of Phidias and Praxitelea. The human features were unfortu-
nately much injured, but such parts as remained were sufficient to
show that the countenance had a peculiar character, differing from
the Assyrian type. The sockets of the eyes were deeply sunk,
probably to receive the white and

the 4
which was low and square at

Nimrond. The hair was
rately curled, a8 in the

syrian sculptures, though
rudely carved. The wines

the body, and
jestic spread of those
that adorned the palaces
veh. Above the figure
following characters*, wl
purely Assyrian,

Sy wy x ¥ a op fe

Tt would appear from them that the sculptures belonged to the
palace of a king whose name has been found on no other monu-
ment. No titles are attached to it, not even that of “king;”
nor is the country over which he reigned mentioned; #0 that
some doubt may exist as to whether it really be a royal name.

‘The great accumulation of earth above these sculptures proves
that, since the destruction of the edifice in which they stood, other

* The last letter is in one instance omitted. For a drawing of the bull see
woodcut at the and of the chapter.

Fe
Eedir

Ea:
ae

Prot View of Winged

Cay, X10] SCULPTURES AT ARBAN, 277

habitations have been raised upon its ruins. Arban, indeed, is
mentioned by the Arab geogray asa flourishing city, in a
singularly fertile district of the Khabour. Part of a minaret, whose
walls were cased with colored tiles, and ornamented with cufie in
scriptions in relief, like that of the Sinjar, and the foundations of
buildings, are still seen on the mound; and at its foot, on the
western side, are the remains of a bridge which once spanned
the stream. But the river has changed its course. Tho piers,
adorned with elegantly shaped arabesque characters, are now on
the dry land.

I will describe, at once, the results of the excavations carried on
during the three wecks our tents were pitched at Arban. To please
the Jebour Sheikh, and to keep around our encampment, for greater
security, a body of armed men, when the tribe changed their pas-
tures, I hired about fifty of Mohammed Emin’s Arabs, and placed
them in parties with the workmen who had accompanied me from
Mosul. ‘Tunnels were opened behind the bulls already uncovered,
and in various parts of the ruins on the same level. Trenches
were also dug into the surface of the mound.

Behind the bulls were found various Assyrian relics; amongst
them a copper bell, like those from Nimroud, and fmgmente of
bricks with arrow-headed characters painted yellow with white
outlines, upon a pale green ground. In other parts of the mound
were disovered glass and pottery, some Assyrian, others of a
more doubtful character. Several fragments of earthenware,
ornamented with flowers and scrollwork, and highly glazed, had
assumed the brillinnt and varied iridescence of ancient glass.*

Tt was natural to conclude, from the usual architectural arrange-
ment of Assyrian edifices, that the two bulls described stood at an
entrance toa hall, or chamber. We searched in vain for the remains
of walls, although digging for three days to the right and left of
the sculptures, a work of considerable diffieulty in consequence of
the immense heap of superincumbent earth. I then directed a
tunnel to be carried towards the centre of the mound, hoping to
find a eorreeponding doorway opposite. I was not disappointed.
On the fifth day a similar pair of winged bulls were discovered.
‘They were of the same size, and inscribed with the same cha-
racters. A part of one having been originally broken off, either in
carving the. sculpture or in moving it, a fresh piece of stone had

* Those relics are now in the British Museum.
3

Omar, X11.) RELIOS DISCOVERED AT ARBAN. 279

curls as in the Assyrian bas-reliefs. ‘The head-dress appeared to
consist of a kind of circular helmet, ending ina sharp point. The
treatment and style marked the
sculpture to be of the same period
ag the bull and lion.

Such were the sculptures dis-
covered in the mound of Arban.
Amongst smaller objects of dif-
ferent periods were some of consi~
derable interest, jars, vases, funeral
urns, highly-glazed pottery, and

its of glass, In a trench, on
the south side of theruin, was found
a small green and white bottle, in-
scribed with Chinese characters. A
similar relic was brought to me sub=
sequently byan Arab from a barrow
in the neighbourhood. Such bottles
have been discovered in Egyptian
tombs, and considerable doubt exists
Bawediel dccrarad wt Aston, a8 to their antiquity, and as to the
Raype? ‘The bet eae er ee

tion into yt ie opinion now is that are com|
tively ine, and that they were probably brought by the alae
im the eighth or ninth contury, from the kingdoms of the far East,
with which they had at that period extensive com-
mercial intercourse. Bottles precigely similar are
still offered for sale in the bazars at Cairo, and are
used to hold the kohl, or powder for staining the

eyes of ladica.

A jar, about four feet high, in coarse half-baked
clay, was dug out of the centre of the mound. The
handles were formed by rudely-designed human
figures, and the sides covered with grotesque repre-

chee notte ae Sentations of men and animals, and arabesque orna-
oveew eee ments in relief.

Vases of the same material, ornamented with figures, are fre=
quently discovered in digging the foundations of houses in the

* Wilkinson, in his * Ancient * vol. ili. p.1074 gives a drawing ofa
‘in the text, and mentions one which,

dna previously unopened tomb, be-
‘appears to be considerable doubt on

munity, but was unfortunately destroyed
with other interesting relics, by the Arabs,
Teverecteaert who plundered a raft laden with antiga
ties, on its way to Baghdad, after my return to Europe
Amongst other relics discovered at Arban were, a large copper
ring, apparently Assyrian; an ornament in earthenware, resom-
bling the pine-eone of the Assyrian sculptures; a bull's head in
termeotta; fragments of painted bricks, probably of the same
period; and several Egyptian scarabei. It is singular that en-
grayed stones and scarabs bearing Egyptian bel mi a
instances even royal cartouches, should have
@\, found on the banks ate Rhone ers §
l\ jects were subsequently dug up at Nimroud,
/ beoogtit to me by the Arabs from various ruins in
Assyria. I will take this opportunity of adding the
following remarks by Mr. Birch on those deposited
in the British Museum.

* Tn laying the foundations of the new church, the tombs of two of the
early Chaldwan patriarchs were discovered amongst other objects of interest.
‘The bodies, being still preserved, were, of course, eanonised at ones, and turned
into a source of profit by the bishop, the faithful paying a small sum fer ‘
sion to touch the sacred relics. Ono had been head of the Oriental
fore the Arab invasion. By his side was his ervzier ending in a silver

was an inscription in Chaldee letters, The second was of a:
His

scribed with the enrliest cufio characters. I examin
immediately ufter their discovery.

SCARABS DISCOVERED AT ARBAN. 281

between two feathers, placed on the basket aub.

2. A scarabarus in dark steaschist, with the figure
of the sphinx (the sun), and an emblem between the

bod
belongs.” After the sphinx on this scarab, are the
Sides ta ag; * th sun placer of creation,” of

a. Seal warabeus of white steaschist, with a
‘brownish hue; reads Neter nefer nebta Ra-nebema,
™ The good God, the Lord of the earth, the sun, the
Lord of trath, rising in all lande” This is of
Amenophis LIL, one of the Inst kings of the eighteenth
dynasty, who flourished about the fifteenth century
B.C» and who records amongst bis conquests As-su-
ra (Assyria), Nabaraina (Mesopotamia), the Sacnkar
(Shinar or Sinjar), and Pattana (Padan Aram). The
‘expression, “who rises in all lands,” refers to the solar
character of the king, and to bis universal dominion.

4. Scarabwus in white steaschist, with an abridged
form of the prenomen of Thothmes IIL, Ra men
cheper at en Amen, “ The sun-placer of creation, the
type of Ammon.” This monarch was the greatest
monarch of the eighteenth dynasty, and conquered
‘Nuharaina and the Saenkar, besides receiving tribute
from Babel or Babylon and Assyria.

5, Scarabarus in pale white steaschist, with three
emblems that cannot well be explained, ‘They are
the sun's disk, the ostrich feather, the urwus, and the
guitar nabluim. ‘They may mean “Truth the good
goddess,” or “Jady,” or ma nefer, “ good and truc.”

6. Scarabens in the same substance, with a motto
of doubtful meaning.

7. Scarabsus, with s bawk, and God holding the
emblem of life, and the words ma nefer, “ good and
true." ‘The meaning very doubtful.

Minsewm, and on those figured by KIn-
a's Monuments, and in the“ Deserip
as asphinx treading foreign prisoners

282 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. ‘fomar, XI

8. A ecarakeuus, with a
cen of Meo Se ma-
Ladner shawik-
fewtet oe i run
‘turns himself in the hours of the day. Ir is a cou-
mon emblem in the Aramunan

4, Searahous, with Hawkshead ge on,
before it the urwas and the “:

Mberoglyphic of | Above it are the.
Loud ar be ech ae

=» aieaden eseaee
man in a
crown of the upper is ae ona 2a
hand « lotus pale et! Botwoon
of life.

ie a with betes ars
emblem -cheper, “ the Creator 1
with expanded wing, four in number, Lies upt
appear in Egyptin mythology till after the time of
the Persian, when the gods aseume a more Pan
theistic form. Such a representation of the sun, for
instance, is found on the Torso Borghese.

Tt will be “observed that most of the Egyptian relics discovered
in the Aseyrian ruins are of the time of the 18th
nasty, or of the 15th century before Christ; a period when, as we
learn from Egyptian monuments, there was a close connection be-
tween Assyria and Egypt. >

Several tombs were also found in the ruins, epee
of boxes, or sarcophagi, of earthenware, like those existing
the Assyrian palaces near Mosul. Some, however, were formed by
two large earthen jars, like the common Eastern vessel for holding
oil, laid horizontally, and joined mouth to mouth. These terra
cotta coffins appear to be of the eame period as those found in
all the great ruins on the banks of the rivers of Me r
and are not Assyrian.* They contained human remaing turned to
dust, with the exception of the skull and a few of the langer bones,
and generally three or four urns of highly-glazed blue pottery.

Fewer remains and objects of antiquity were discovered in the
mounds on the Khabour than I had anticipated. They were sufli-
cient, however, to prove that the ruins are, on the whole, of the
same character ns those on the banks of the Tigris, That the
Assyrian empire at one time embraced the whole of
including the country watered by the Khabour, there can be no

h * Most of the small objects described in the text are now in the British Museum

Caar. XIL] «= ANTIQUITY OF SCULPTURES AT ARBAN. 283

doubt, as indeed is shown by the inscriptions on the monuments of
Nineveh. Whether the sculptures at Arbon belong to the period of
Assyrian domination, or to a distinet nation afterwards conquered,
or whether they may be looked upon as cotemporary with, or more
ancient than, the bas-reliefs of Nimroud, are questions not so casily
answered, The archaic character of the treatment and design, the
peculiar form of the features, the rude though forcible delineation
of the muscles, and the simplicity of the details, certainly convey
the impression of greater antiquity than any monuments hitherto
discovered in i 4d

A deep interest, at the game time, attaches to these remains from
the site they occupy. To the Chebar were transported by the

after the destruction of Samaria, the captive chil-

dren of Isracl, and on its banks “the heavens were opened” to
Exekiel, and “ he saw visions of God,” and spake his prophecies to
his brother exileat Around Arban may have been pitched the
tents of the sorrowing Jews, as those of the Arabs were during
my visit. ‘To the same pastures they led their sheep, and they
drank of the same waters. Then the banks of the river were
covered with towns and villages, and a palace-temple still stood
on the mound, reflected in the transparent etream. We have,
however, but one name connected with the Khabour recorded
in Scripture, that of Tel-Abib, “the mound of Abib, or, of the
heaps of ears of corn,” but whether it applies to a town, or to
a simple artificial elevation, such as still abound, and are still
called “ tels," is a matter of doubt, I sought in vain for some
trace of the word amongst the names now given by the wandering
Arab to the various ruins on the Khabour and its confluenta.$

* A lion very similar to that discovered at Arban, though more colossal
in its dimensions, exists near Seroug. (Cheenoy's Expedition, vol. L. p. 114.)

¥ 2 Kings, xvii.6. Ezck.i. 1. In the Hebrew text the name of this river
is spelt in two different ways. In Kings we have N35, Khabour, answering
exactly to the Chaboras of the Grecks and Romans, and the Khabour of the
Arabs. In Ezckicl it is written 133, Kebar, ‘There is no reason, however, to
doubt that the same river is meant.

15, “ Then T came to them of the enptivity
of Chebar.” In the Theodosian tubles we find
Thallaba on the Khabour, with which it may possibly be identified. (Llusteated
Commentary on the Old and New Testaments, published by Charles Knight, a
very useful and well-digested summary, in note to word.) It is possible that
Arbonad, a name apparently given to the Kbabour in Judith, ii. 24, may be
connected with Arban: however, itis not quite clear what river is really meant,
as there appears to be some confusion in the geographical details, The cities on
‘the Khabour, mentioned by the Arab geographers, are Karkivia (Circesium, at
the junction of the river with the Euphrates), Makeseen (of which I could find
‘no trace), Arban, and Khabour, Ihave not becn able to discover the site of

284 NINEVEH AND BABYLON, Tomar. xin

We know that Jews still lingered in the cities of the Kha-
bour until long after the Arab invasion; and we may
recognise in the Jewish communities of Rasal-Ain, at the sources
of the river, and of Karkisia, or Carchemish, at its confluence
with the Euphrates, visited and described by Benjamin of Tadcls,
in the latter end of the twelfth century of the Christian wra, the
descendants of the captive Israclites.

But the hand of time has long since swept even this remnant
away, with the busy crowds which thronged the banks of the river.
From its mouth to its source, from Carchemish to Ras-al-Ain, there
is now no single permanent human habitation on the Khabour. Tts
rich meadows and its deserted ruins are alike become the encamp-
ing places of the wandering Arab,
any rain of the same name as the river. Karkisia, when vised in the twelfth
century by Benjamin of Tudela, contained about 500 Jewish inhabitants, under
two Rabbis. According to Ibn Haukal, it was surrounded by gardens and
cultivated lands. ‘The spot is now inhabited by a tribe of Arabs.

‘Winged Dati damovered wt Ava

286 NINEVEN AND BABTLON. | Temas, xist
bread soaked in the gravy. Tie sits ete

poorly furnished. It was the

to wander, either on business or pripily les
was, consequently, never without a goodly array of guests; from
a company of Shammar horsemen out on a foray to the solitary
Bedouin who was seeking to become a warrior in his tribe, by
first stealing a mare from some hostile encampment.

Amongst the strangera partaking, at tho time of our visit, of
the Sheikh’s hospitality, were Serhan, a chief of the A
Dervish Agha, the hereditary Lord of Nisibin, the Nisibis
‘The tents of the ‘xmas on oth. ntton et ala
Euphrates, near Karkisia (the ancient Carchemish), or, as it is
more generally called by the Arabs, Abou-Psera.* ane
meadows near the confluence of the two rivers formerly dito
the Jebours, who occupied the banks of the Khabour
nearly the whole of its course. An old feud poe con-
tinual war with the great tribe of the Aneyza. They long suc-
cessfully struggled with their enemies, but having at length been
overpowered by superior numbers, they lost their horses, their
flocks, their personal property, and eyen their tents. ‘Thus left
naked and houscless, they eought refuge in the neighbor
of Mosul, and learnt to cultivate the soil and to become
the Turks, Tho Agaydat, who before dwelt prs es
western banks of the Euphrates, crossed the river and
the deserted pastures, The Jebours who had returned to tl
Khabour, claimed their former encamping pt and »
ened to reoecupy them by force of arma It was to
differences that Serhan had visited Mohammed Emin,
remaining two or three days, he went back to his tents
however, having succeeded in his mission, I learnt from him that
there were many artificial mounds near the confluence of the
rivers, but he had never heard, nor had Mohammed Emin, of any
sculptures, or other monuments of antiquity, having been found im
them.

Dervish Agha, of Kurdish descent, was the representative of an
ancient family, whose members were formerly the semi-inde-
pendent chiefs of Nisibin and the surrounding districts. He was
still the recognised Mutesellim, or governor of that place, and had
been sent to Mohammed Emin by the commander of the Turkish

Tal
pili

* Col. Chesney states that the real name is * Abou Serai,” * the
chief) of palaces;" such may be the case.

Car. X11) ARAB MODE OF GRINDING CORN. 287

troops, one Suleiman Agha, who was at this time encamped in the
plain beneath Mardin, His business was to prevail upon the
Jebour Sheikh to nssist Ferhan in recovering the plundered trea-
eure from the Hamond, and to visit afterwards the encampment
of the Agha, with both which requests his host had good reasons
not to comply.

My own large tent was no less a place of resort than that of
Mohammed Emin, and as we were objects of curiosity, Bedouins
from all parts flocked to see us. With some of them I was already
acquainted, having cither received them as my guests at Mosul,
or met them during excursions in the Desert. They generally
passed one night with us,and then returned to their own tents.
A sheep was always slain for them, and boiled with rice, or pre~
pared wheat, in the Arab way: if there were not strangers enough
to consume the whole, the rest was given to the workmen or to
the needy, as it is considered derogatory to the character of a
truly hospitable and generous man to keep meat until the follow-
ing day, or to serve it up 2 second time when cold. Even the
poorest Bedouin who kills » sheep, invites all his friends and
neighbours to the repast, and if there be still any remnants, dis-
tributes them amongst the poor and the hungry, although he should
himself want on the morrow.

We brought provision of flour with us, and the Jebours had a
little wheat raised on the banks of the river. The wandering
Arabs have no other means of grinding their corn than by hand-
mills, which they carry with them wherever they go. ‘They are
always worked by the women, for it is considered unworthy of a
man to engage in any domestic occupation. These handmills are
timply two circular flat stones, generally about eighteen inches in
diameter, the upper turning loosely upon a wooden pivot, and
moved quickly round by a wooden handle. The grain ie poured
through the bole of the pivot, and the flour is collected in a cloth
spread under the mill. It is then mixed with water, kneaded in
a wooden bowl, and pressed bythe hand into round balls ready for
baking. During these processes, the women are usually seated on
the bare ground: hence, in Isiah *, is the daughter of Babylon
told to sit in the dust and on the ground, and “ to take the mill-
stones to grind meal.”

The tribes who are always moving from place to place bake
their bread on a slightly convex iron plate, called a sadj, mode-

* xdvii, 1,2.
=

rately heated over a low fire of brushwood or camels’ d
Jumps of dough are rolled, om ewan pat nt hee

fully prepared than that of the Araba, roll the dough!
cakes, scarcely thicker than a sheet of paper. When

baked by fhe sume process it beoomes cep ase Se

able to the taste, Teh ores ty degen many days
in one place, make rude ovens a bas aboay ota
feet deep, shaping it like a rev tml nd ering

mud. They heat it by burning brashwood within, and then stick
the lumps of dough, pressed into small cakes about half an
thick, to the sides with the hand. The bread is ready in two
or three minutes. When horsemen go on an expedition, they
cither carry with them the thin bread first described, or » bag of
flour, which, when they come to water, they moisten and Iknead
on their cloaks, and then bake by covering the balls of dough with
hot ashes, All Arab bread i is unleavened.

quired, from one to the other. But itis very rare that the Be-
douins are obliged to have recourse to this process, and I have only
once witnessed it.

The fuel used by the Arabs consists chiefly of the dwarf
shrubs, growing in most parts of the Desert, of dry grass and of
camels’ dung, They frequently carry bags of the latter with them
when in summer they march over very arid tracts. On the banks
of the great rivers of Mesopotamia, the tamarisk and other trees
furnish them with abundant firewood. They are entirely dependent

* Sce woodcut at the head of this chapter. Such was probably the process
of making bread mentioned in 2 Sam, xiii, 8, 9, “So ‘Tamar went to her brother
Amnon’s house; and hares laid down, And she took flour and kneaded it, and
made cakes in his sight, id did bake the cakes. And she took a pan and poured
them out before him.” It will be observed that the bread was made at once,

commanded

without leaven; such also was probably the bread that Abraham

‘Sarah to make for the three angels, (Gen, xvill. 6.)

Omar. XL) POOD OF THE BEDOUIN. 289

for their supplies of wheat upon the villages on the borders of the
Desert, or on the sedentary Arabs, who, whilst living in tents,
cultivate the soil. Sometimes a tribe is fortunate enough to plunder
caravan laden with corn; or to sack the granaries of a village;
they have then enough to eatiefy their wants for some months.
But the Bedouins usually draw near to the towns and cultivated
districts soon after the harvest, to lay in their stock of grain. A
party of men and women, chosen by their companions, then take
with them money, or objects for sale or exchange, and drive the
camels to the villages, where they load them and return to their
tents, Latterly a new and very extensive trade has been opened
with the Bedouins for the wool of their eheep, much prized for
its superior quality in European markets, As the time for shear-
ing is soon after the barvest, the Arabs haye ready means of ob-
taining their supplies, a3 well as of making a little money, and
buying finery and arms.

Nearly the whole revenue of an Arab Sheikh, whatever it may
be, is laid out in corn, rice, and other provisions, The quantity of
food consumed in the tents of some of the great chiefs of the Be-
douins is very considerable. Almost every traveller who passes the
encampment eats bread with the Sheikh, and there are generally
many guests dwelling under his canvas. In times of difficulty or
seareity, moreover, the whole tribe frequently expecta to be fed by
him, and he considers himself bound, even under such circum-
stances, by the duties of hospitality, to give all that he has to the
needy. The extraordinary generosity displayed on such occasions
by their chiefs forms some of the most favourite stories of the
Arabs.

The common Bedouin can rarely get meat. His food consists
almost exclusively of wheaten bread with truffles, which are found
in great abundance during the spring, a few wild herbs, such as
asparagus, onions, and garlic, fresh butter, curds, and sour milk.
But, at certain seasons, even these Tuxuries cannot be obtained;
for months together he often eats bread alone. The Shcikhs
usually slay a sheep every day, of which their guests, a few of their
relatives, and*their immediate adherents partake. The women pro-
pare the food, and always eat after the men, who rarely leave them

much wherewith to satisfy their hunger.

‘The dish usually seen in a Bedouin tent is a mess of boiled meat,
sometimes mixed with onions, upon which a lump of fresh butter
is placed and allowed to of the Mesopotamian

‘The Bedouins do not make cheese. The milk of
and goats ig shaken into butter or turned into curds:

or never drank fresh, new milk being thought very unwholesome,
us by experience I soon found it to be, inthe Desert. IT
frequently had occasion to describe the process of
by shaking the milk in skins. This is also an employment.
to the women, and one of a yery laborious nature. The
formed by boiling the milk, and then putting some of the
made on the previous day into it and allowing it to stand.
the sheep no longer give milk, some curds are dried, to.
Jeaven on a future occasion. This preparation, called.
thick and acid, but very agreeable and gmteful to the t
hot climate. The sour milk, or sheneena, an universal
amongst the Arabs, is cither butter-milk pure and
curds mixed with water. Camel's Maer is arent fresh,

leasant to the taste, rich, and exceedingly : Since aed
en in large quantities to the horses. The Shammar
Aneyza Bedouins haye no cows or oxen, sonal
upon as the peculiar property of tribes who have: forgotten a
independence, und degraded themselves by the cultivation of
‘The sheep are milked atdawn, or even before daybreak, and ag
in the evening on their return from the pastures. The milk is
immediately turned into leben, or boiled to be shaken into butter.
Amongst the Bedouins and Jebours it is considered
the Saraieacts man to milk a cow or a sheep, but oot to mille
camel

‘The Sheikhs occasionally obtain dates from the cities, They
are either eaten dry with bread and leben, or fried in butter, a
very favorite dish of the Bedouin,”

* In speaking of the Bedouins I mean the Ancyzs, Shammar, Al Dhefyr, and

Omar. XII] DISEASES OF THE BEDOUINS. 201

To this spare and simple dish the Bedouins owe their freedom
from sickness, and their extmordinary power of bearing fatigue.
Diseases are rare amongst them; saliks epulaaie) no
the cities, seldom reach their tents. The cholera, which has of late
visited Mosul and Baghdad with fearful severity, has not yet struck
the Bedouins, and they have frequently escaped the plague, when
the settlements on the borders of the Desert have been nearly de-
populated by it. The small pox, however, occasionally makes great
havoc amongst them, vaccination being still unknown tothe Sham-
mar, and intermittent fever prevails in the ysnzraia particularly
when the tribes encamp near the Meso)
tamia. Rheumatism is not uncommon, ae ia treated, like most
local complaints, with the actual cautery, a red hot iron being ap-
plied very freely to the part affected. Another cure for rheumatism
SORBET en, and placing the patient in the hot reek-
u he
TORR Aeeceen iS the desert as well as in all other parts
of the Esst, and may be attributed as much to dirt and neglect as
to any other cause.

The Bedouins are acquainted with few medicines. The Desert
yields some valuable simples, which are, however, rarely used.
Dr. Sandwith hearing from Suttum that the Arabs had no opi-
ates, asked what they did with one who could not sleep. “Do!”
answered the Sheikh, “why, we make use of him, and ect him
to watch the camels” If « Bedouin be ill, or have received
s wound, he sometimes comes to the nearest town to consult
the barbers, who are frequently not unskilful surgeons. Hadjir,
one of the great chiefs of the Shammar, having been struck
by a musket ball which lodged beneath the shoulder-blade, visited
the Pasha of Mosul to obtain the aid of the European surgeons
attached to the Turkish troops. They declared an operation
to be impossible, and refused to undertake it, The Sheikh applied
to a barber, who in his shop, in the open bazar, quietly cut down
to the ball, and taking it out brought it to the Pasha in a plate, to
claim a reward for his skill. Itis true that the European surgeons in
the service of the Porte are not very eminent in their profession,
‘The Bedouins set broken limbs by means of rude splints.

‘The women suffer little in labor, which often takes place during

other great tribes inhabiting Mesopotamia and the Descrt to the north of the
Gobel Shammar. With the Arabs of the Hedjaz and Central Arabia I am

‘unacquainted.
v2

292 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. + Comar. XUL

a march, of when they ate far from the ‘watering the
flocks or collecting fuel. They allow their children to remain at
the breast until they are nearly two and even three years old, and,
consequently, have rarely many offspring.

Soon after our arrival at the Khabour I bought a deloal, or
dromedary, as more convenient than a horse for making excursions
in the Desert. ae ee eT ee
hamis, the uncle of Suttam, having been taken by him from
Aneyza; she was well trained, and swift and easy in her paces. The
best delouls come from Nedjd aud the Gebel Shammar. They are
small and lightly made, the difference between them and a common
camel being as great as that between a high-bred Arab mare and an
English cart-horec. Their powers of endurance are very great.
Suttum mentioned the following as well authenticated instances.
With a companion, cach being on his own dromodary, he once redo
from Ana to Rowah in one day, one of the animals, however, dying
soon after they reached their journey’s end. An Arab of the
Hamoud, leaving an encampment about five miles inland from
Dair, on the west bank of the Euphrates, reached Koukab within
twenty-four hours, Suttum rode from Mosul to Khatouniyah in
two days.”

‘The deloul is much prized, and the race is carefully preserved.
‘The Arabs breed from them once in two years, and are yery
particular in the choice of the male, An ordinary animal ean work
for twenty years. Suttum ussured me that they could trayel im the
spring as many ws six days without water. Their color is generally
light brown and white, darker colors and black are more uncom
mon, Their pace is a light trot kept up for many hours together
without fatigue; they can increase it to an unweildly a
spoed they cannot long maintain. A good deloul is worth at the
most 102, the common price is about 5.

After the day's work at Arban I generally rode with Suttum
into the Desert on our delouls, with the hawks and greyhounds.

* Burckhardt (Notes on the Bedouins, &c, p. 262.) mentions as the best au-
thenticated instance of the wonderful speed and endurance of a deloul which
had come to his knowledge, a journey for a wager, of 125 miles in clewen hours,
including twonty minutes in crowing the Nile twige in # ferry-boat. As that
traveller, however, justly remarks, it is by the ease with which they can earry
their rider during an uninterrupted journey of several days and nights at » kind
of easy amble of five, or five and a half miles, an hour, that they are unequalled
by any other animal.

Cuup. XIIL] A BEDOUIS YOUTH. 295

Sinjar hill, soon passed away, leaving in undiminished splendor
the setting sun.

Monday, 8th of April. The Mogdessi, one of my servants,
caught a turtle in the river measuring three feet in length The
Arabs have many stories of the voracity of these animals, which
attain, I am assured, to even a larger size, and Suttum declared that
a man had been pulled under water and devoured by one, probably
an Arab exaggeration.

‘A Bedouin, who had been attacked by Hoa whilst resting,
about five hours lower down on the banks of the river, came
to our encampment. He had escaped with the loss of his mare.
The lion is not uncommon in the jungles of the Khalcur, and the
Bedouins and Jebours frequently find their cubs in the ering
season.

In the afternoon, Mohammed Emin learned that the Shera-
been buffilo keepers, who lived under his protection paying a
small annual tribute, were about to leave him for the Tai of
Nisibin, with whom the Jebours had a blood feud. The Sheikh
asked the help of my workmen to bring back the refractory trite,
who were encamped about three hours up the river, and the party
marched in the evening singing their war songs.

April 9th. Messengers arrived doring the night for further
assistance, and Suttum mounting his mare juined the omntatants,
Early in the morning the Jebours returned in triumph, driving
the flocks and buffaloes of the Sherabeen before them. They were
coon followed by the tribe, who were compelled to pitch their tents
near our encampment.

A Bedonin youth, thin and sickly, though of s daring and
resolute countenance, eat in my guest tent. His singular appcar-
ance at once drew my attention. His only clothing was a ker-
chief, very dirty and torn, falling over his head, and a ragged cloak,
which he drew tightly round him, allowing the end of a knotted
club to appear above its folds. His story, which he was at length
induced to tell, was characteristic of Bedouin education. He was
of the Boraij tribe, and related to Suttum. His father was too
poor to equip him with mare and spear, and he was ashamed to
be seen by the Arabs on foot and unarmed. He had now become
a man, for he was about fourteen years old, and he resolved to
trust to his own skill for hie outfit as a warrior. Leaving in his
father’s tent all his clothes, except his dirty keffich and his tattercd
aba, and, without communicating his plans to his friends, he bent
his way to the Euphrates. For three months bis family b

Cmar. STIL} MOUND OF SHEDADI. 297

‘been hunted almost to extermination by the Arabs. Mohammed
Emin assured me that for several years not more than one or two
had been seen. Sofuk, the great Shammar Sheikh, used to con-
sider the musk bag of abeaver the most acceptable present he could
send to a Turkish Pasha, whose friendship he wishod to secure.

‘Two Sheikhs of the Buggara Arabs, who inhabit the banks of the
Euphrates opposite Dair, visited our encampment. They described
some large mounds near their tents, called Sen, to which they
offered to take me; but I was unable to leave my party. The
tribe is nominally under the Pasha of Aleppo, but only pay him
taxes when he can send a sufficient force to collect them.

Our encampment was further increased by several families of
Jays, who had fled from the north on account of some quarrel with
the rest of the tribe. They inhabit the country round the ancient
Harran and Orfa, the Ur of the Chaldees, and still called Urrha
by the Bedouins.

April 12th. We rode this. morning with Mohammed Emin,
Suttum, and the Sheikhs of the Boggara, Jays, and Sherabeea, to
the tents of the Jebours, which had now been moved some miles
down the river. Rathaiyah remained behind. The large tents
and the workmen were left under the eare of the Bairakdar. The
chiefs were mounted on well-bred mares, except one of the Jays
Sheikhs, who rode a handsome and high-mettled horse. He
was gaily dressed in a scarlet cloak lined with fur, a many-colored
keffich, and new yellow boots. His steed, too, was profusely
adorned with silken tassels, and small bells, chains, and other
ornaments of silver, reminding me forcibly of the horses of the
Assyrian sculptures. He had been in the service of the Turks,
whose language he had learned, and from whom he had acquired
his taste for finery. He was a graceful rider, and managed his
horse with great dexterity.

About three miles from Arban we passed a emall artificial mound
called Te] Hamer (the red); and similar ruins abound on the banks
of the river. Near it we met four Shammar Bedouins, who had
turned back empty-handed from a thieving expedition to the Aneyza,
on account of the floods of the Buphrates, which they described as
spreading over the surrounding country like a sea.

‘Three hoirs from Arban we reached a remarkable artificial
mound called Shedadi, washed by the Khabour. It consists of a
lofty platform, nearly square, from the centre of which springs a
cone. On the top are the tombs of several Jebour chiefs, marked
by the raised earth, and by small trees now dry, fixed upright in

‘Cua, XID] REACH SHEMSHANT ~ 299

already soaring in the sky, was the enemy of the trained hawk,
the “agab” a kind of kite or eagle, whose name, signifying
“* butcher,” denotes his bloody propensities.* Although far beyond
our ken, he soon saw Hattab, and darted upon him in one swoop.
The affrighted falcon immediately turned from his quarry, and with
shrill crics of distress few towards us. After circling round, un-
able from fear to alight, he turned towards the Desert, still fol-
lowed by his relentless enemy. In vain his master, following as
long aa his mare could carry him, waved the lure, and called the
hawk by his name; he saw him no more. Whether the noble
bird escaped, or fell a victim to the “butcher,” we never knew.

Suttum was inconzolable at his loss. He wept when he returned
without his falcon on his wrist, and for days he would suddenly
exclaim, “O Bej! Billah! Hattab was not a bird, he was my bro-
ther.” He was one of the best trained hawks I ever saw amonget
the Bedouins, and was of some substantial value to his owner, a
he would daily catch six or seven bustards, except during the
hottest part of summer, when the falcon is unable to hunt,

About a mile and a half below Ledjmiyat, but on the opposite
bank of the river, waa another large mound called Fedghami. We
reached Shemshani in an hour and three quarters. It is a consi-
derable ruin on the Khabour, and consists of one lofty mound, sur-
rounded on the Desert side by smaller mounds and heaps of rubbish.
It abounds in fragments of glazed and plain pottery, bricks, and
black basaltic stone, but I could find no traces of sculpture or in-
scription. The remains of walls protrude in many places from the
soil. Above the ancient ruins once stood a castle, the foundations
of which may still be seen.

‘The Arabs have many traditions attaching to these ruins,

others, that they are the remains of the capital of an in-
fidel king, whose daughter, at the time of the first Mussulman inva-
sion, eloped with a trac believer. ‘The lovers were pursued by the
father, overtaken, and killed (the lady having, of course, first em-
braced Ielamiam), in a narrow valley of the neighbouring hilla. A
flickering flame, still distinctly seen to rise from the earth on Friday
nights, marks the spot of their martyrdom. Thecity soon fell into
the hands of the Mussulmans, who took a signal revenge upon its
idolatrous inhabitants,

The Jebours some years ago cultivated the lands around Shem-

* Easterns never hawk, if they ean avoid it, when the sun is high, as the bird
of prey described in the text then appears in search of food.

Cuar. XIEL] VISIT MOGITAMIS, 301

feeble defence; there was, consequently, little bloodshed, as is
usually the case when Arabs go on these forays. The fine horse of
the Jays chicf had received a bad gunshot wound, and thie was the
only casualty amongst my friends. Mohammed Emin brought me
one or two of the captured mares as an offering, They were, of
course, returned, but they involved the present of silk dresses to
the Sheikh and his sons.

April \8th. To-day we visited the tents of Moghamis and his
tribe ; they were pitched about five miles from the river. The face
of the Desert was as burnished gold. Its last change was to
flowers of the brightest yellow hue", and the whole plain was
dressed with them. Suttum rioted in the luxuriant herbage and
scented air. I never saw him so exhilarated. “ What Kef (de-
light),” he continually exclaimed, as his mare waded through the
flowers, “has God given us equal to this? gis the only thing
worth liying for. Ya Boj! what do the dwellers in citics know
of true happinees, they haye never seen grass or flowers? May
God have pity on them!”

The tents were scattered far and wide over the plain. The
mares recently returned from the foray wandered loose in the
midst of them, cropping the rich grass. We were most hospitably
received by Moghamis. Such luxuries, in the way of a ragged car-
pet and an old coyerlet, as his tent could afford, had been spread for
Mra. R., whose reputation had extended far and wide amongst the
Arabs, and who was looked upon as a wonder, but always treated
with the greatest consideration and reepect. The wild Bedouin
would bring a present of camel's milk or truffles, and the boys
caught jerboas and other small animals for the Frank lady. During
the whole of our journey she was noyer exposed to annoyance,
although wearing, with the exception of the Tarboush, or an Arab
cloak, the European dres

Moghamle clad himself in a cont of chain mail, of ordinary ma-
terials and rude workmanship, but still strong enough to resist the
coarse iron spear-heads of the Arab lance, though certainly no pro-
tection against a well-tempered blade. The Arabs wear their
armour beneath the shirt, because an enemy would otherwise strike
at the mare and not at her rider.f

* Ihave already mentioned the changes in the colors of the Desert. Almost
in as many days white had succecded to pale straw color, red to white, blue to
red lilac to blue, and now the fuce of the country was as described in the text.

{ One of the principal objects of Bedouins in battle being to curry off their
adversuries! mares, they never wound them if they can avoid it, butendeavour
to kill or unhorse the riders.

- —_—

CHAP. XIV.

LEAVE ARBAN,—THE BANKS OF THE XKMANOUM.— ARTIFICIAL MOUXDS,—
MISWELL. —THE CADE OF THK BEDOUINS — INE TIAA OR BLOOD-REVENGE.
CAUTION OF ARANS —A NATURAL CAYRRN.— AN EXTINCT VOLCANO, —
‘TIME CONFLUENTS OF TH
—aNcamrsext aT

Tae hot weather was rapidly drawing near, Enough had not
been discovered in the mound of Arban, nor were there ruins of
sufficient importance near the river, to induce me to remain
much longer on the Khabour. I wished, however, to explore
the stream, as far as T was able, towards its principal source, und
to visit Suleiman Agha, the Turkish commander, who was now
encamped on its banks, In answer to a letter, he ungodl me

to come to his tents, and to bring the Sheikh of the J
me, pledging himself to place no restraint whatever |

—

Cuar. XIV.] TEE THaz. GR SLOW aa oN SL.

Next mornmg Suttmm reurnal w sie me wiht Zontemreni.
leaving us under the eare of lis yummger amuter Wiiweel t= =
had visited the Turkish commenter. -vnom 32 fit tor amar we=
anxious to meet, he was to join ux im che Sewer mut tal
me to Mosul. Mijwell was even of 2 more amatue tewsstion ten.
his brother; was less given os diglommcz..mut zomniect. nmeel inte
with the polities of the tribes. % giewmur amie igmn-t in ine
features, and a faed of quaint ani wigmai mmer made um ic
all times an agreesble esmpanion. § -Ethangy ie sunt wetter rat
nor write, he was ome of the calle we juiges wf fie Seemmer.
office hereditary im the family uf ie Seedi_ ac tue teat uw! wut
Rishwan. The old aman had felecsnet he-figury 3 ue vinnge= en,
who, by the consent of hie amber. wil smo x wher duce wu’
death Disptes of ail kinds art sethrmad 25 these wvrunnt jute
Their decrees are sheyed with madinew. mui tie vter nem vt!
the tribe are rarely called agan 35 enthuse Gem Tet ettunuere
rude justice; and, although grecenfing 2 dulow tiq vvrie vl cu
Prophet, are rather guided iy ancient swoum cia io tu mw uf
the Koran, which binds the msc sf te Wstommeton wi Jie
most common source of iitigacion 3, wf sanewm. mound peryer-y.
They receive for their decrees, pasment in money wn Kot. nut
be who gains the ewit has to per the te. Sanngne tit Shamir,
if the depute relates ty a dedoal, the <adl pe tei mee. wie
eight shillings; if tw a mare, s deinni: © sy a man. 2 ware”
Various ordeals, such 2s beking 2 met-Ane Seva, we we, vpn
a man’s innocence. If the sormef's wagu: ke vic, wn ence
exists as to his guilt.

One of the most remarkable kaws in Soe: amonger cae wuvier-
ing Arabs, and one pretaldy of the highes anc, vey, it tae aw f
blood, called the Thar, preseritiag tha Syren f ornmenginsy
within which it is awful tw revenge a hemiceie. 9 Alsicngh 2 hw,
rendering a man responsible for Lies shed by any ne rebated w
him within the fifth degree, may appear, salem (A a civilived
community one of extraordinary riguer, and invAving almvet ma-
nifest injustice, it must nevertheless t+ aimitwsl, that no power
vested in any one individual, and my pamishinent bvswever severe,
could tend more to the maintenance A order amd the prevention of
bloodshed amongst the wild tribes of the Desert. As Burckhardt

* Burckhardt gives s somewhat different table of fers 2s existing amongst the
Bedouin tribes with which he was sequsinted. His whole account of Arab law
is singularly interesting and correct ; there is, indeed, very little to be added to
it, (See his Notes on the Bedouins, p- ee)

SB STUER LAVEES. ar

Dhofyz, and afer preeet cium. wei er “tome me Seevt sommet te
Shaemer, and sor mow romidiered wer: ef teen. Freumenti: te
hommieade Smee wil woumiier free rer: i eer ewe thet Lommers oc
even rove throgeh die cower wet wiles oo ie mores Wi i
chain round hie seck mad in caps. eee ceminon: from te
chartable so comtie dim 2 per te apport Dewees.
have frequeschy met suck meioromas Beme wae Be: amet vere
in collecting a smal] som. J will see woes te emer with
count of the warteme sake nheerved x cere ot tne See. weer:
persone are killed im preva: Geena or ear rt a= ee
ing, im war, or in fe phe Te ect ee et es Ge
according ty the ancimm cau of te Drie. be progr comp
sation.

Miwell new tock Summum: yiere tee cere amt Geert
the order ef cur marci. F our miss ire Nene we tect 2 acre

others anid, that % was a moustam of sons Mebaumed Ean

through the opening, but it became wider, and led to a descending

—

making butter, and all the necessaries of a wandering life. Here
the handmaidens prepare the dinner for their master and his guests.
In the tents of the great chiefs there is a separate compartment for
the servants, and one for the mares and colts.

Isat short time with Suleiman Agha, drank coffee, smoked, and
listened patiently to a long discourse on the benefits of fanzimat,
which had put an end to bribes, treachery, and irregular taxation,

ly intended for Mohammed Emin, who was however by no
means reassured by it. Then adjourned tomy own tents, which had
been pitched upon the banks of the river opposite a well-wooded
island, and near a ledge of rocks forming one of those beautiful
falls of water so frequent in this part of the Khabour,” Around
‘us were the pavilions of the Hytas, those of the chiefs marked by
their scarlet standards, Ata short distance from the stream the
tents of the Kurda were pitehed in parallel lines forming regular
streets, and not scattered, like those of the Bedouins, without
order over the plain. Between us and them were picketed the
horses of the cavalry, and a3 far as the eye could reach be-
yond, grazed the innumerable flocks and herds of the assembled
tribes,

We were encamped near the foot of a large artificial Tel called
Umijerjeh ; and on the opposite side of the Khabour were other
sounds of the same name. My Jebour workmen began to exca-
vate in these ruins the day after our arrival. I remained in my
tent to receive the visits of the Kurdish chiefs and of the com-
manders of the irregular cavalry. Irom these frecbooters I have
derived much curious and interesting information relating to the
various provinces of the Turkish empire and their inhabitants,
mingled ith leasant anecdotes and vivid descriptions of men
and manners, They are generally very intelligent, frank, and hospit-
able. Although too often unscrupulous and cruel, they unite many
of the good qualities of the old Turkish soldier with most of his
vices. They love hard-drinking and gambling, staking their
horses, arms, and even clothes, on the most childish game of chance,

314

silken cushions. hae tty amg thom meron
tall and handsome youths, were dressed in om
garments. They astembled in great numbers, but ls e op of
the tent entirely to us, seating themselves, Ngee
sides and bottom, which was wide enough to
men crouched together in a row. The chief and his rs
followed by their servants bearing trays loaded with cups, presented
the coffee to their guests. i
at ty hn nto 0 ero ily hae
ceived his mother, a ven ly
oi a eels omettamneneeiomenta ‘Her dross. was of the
purest white und scrupulously clean, Altogether she was
the only comely old woman I had seen
The wives and daughters of the chiefs, with a crowd of

complexion or graceful carriage of the Bedouin girls,

piercing eyes or long black eyelashes. Their beanty was more

European, some having even light hair and blue eyes. It was

evident, at a glance, that they were of a different mee from the

wandering tribes of the Desert. a
The principal ladies led usinto the private compartment, |

by colored screens from the rest of the tent, It was

with more than usual luxury. ‘The cushions were of the pe

silk, and the carpets (in the manufacture of which the ‘Milli excel)

of the best fabric. Sweetmeats and coffee had been

us, and the women did not object to partake of them at’ the same

time. Mousa Agha's mother described the various

monies of the tribe. Qur account of similar matters in E

excited great amusement amongst the ladies. The Milli g

highly prized by the Kurds. Twenty purses, nearly i

boastingly told, had been given for one of unusual attractions. The

chief pointed out one of his own wives who had cost him porn

Other members of the same establishment had deserved a less ¢

travagant investiture of money. The prettiest girls were

before us, and the old lady appraised each, amidst the |

laughter of their companions, who no doubt rejoiced to see

friends valued at their true worth. They were all tatooed on the

arms, and on other parts of the body, but less so than the

Jadies. The operation is performed by Arab women, who w

from tent to tent for the purpose. Several were

withed to give us an immediate proof of ie dal upon Saas

ey al

produced by s mixture ef guapawder amt imiies mittet om ie
wounds The precess is tedives amt peintni. ar ie iexigue =e
frequently most elaberste, covering the viuie sed. Vie Karieit
ladies do not, ike the Mammalian women.” ise 2701. cauceal cei
features with 3 wel; mer ds they objec as mingie. 3 com co,
with the mes, Dering apy seo ac Conjerjent [ aesinet the eee

318 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. bass aad

immediately becomes his Dakheel.* If he touch the canvas
atent, or can even throw his mace towands it, he is | of
ite owner, If be can spit upon a man, or touch any article belong-
ing to him with his teeth, be is Dakhal, unless of course, in case
of theft, it be the person who canght him. A woman

any number of persons, or even of tentet Ifa horseman ride into
a tent, he and his horse are Dakhal. A stranger who hns caten
with a Shammar, can give Dakheel to his enemy; for instance, I
could protect an Aneyza, Thongh thers iv Mood’ SabysesO kaa
and the Shammar, wr according: tc Melly ay, eae
viously calling out “ Nuffx” (I renounce), may reject an

tion for Dakheel.

“Ths Gheommar ‘over plundex 6: caniven'ytia sgt ten
encampment, for as long as a stranger can sce their tents they
consider him their Dakheel. If a man who has eaten bread and
slept in a tent, steal his host's horse, he is dishonored, and his
tribe also, unless they sond back the stolen animal. Should the
horse die, the thief himself should be delivered up, to be treated a
the owner of the stolen property thinks fit. If two enemies meet
and exchange the “ Salam aleikum” even by mistake, there is
peace between them, and they will not fight. ee
rob a woman of her clothes; and if a female be found zed
party of plundered Arabs, even the enemy of her tribe
her a horse to ride back to her tents. If a man be pursued
enemy, or even be on the ground, he can save he Ope
out “ Dakheel,” unless there be blood between them. It would be
considered cowardly and unworthy of a Shammar to depriveiax

* For the very singular customs as to the confinement and
haramy, or robber, and of the relation betwoen a rabat and his rebieh, «
captor and the captive, se Burckbardt's Notes on the Bedouins, p. 59. To
hear witness to the trath and accuracy of his account, bein si my om

lerings amongst tho Bedouins witnessed nearly everything he
‘The English reader can have no correct idea of the habe and Dennemiee
wandering tribes of the Desert, habits and manners probably dating
remotest antiquity, and consequently of the aaa interest, without
the trathful descriptions of this admirable traveller,

t In the winter of the year of my residence is Bahybata, afatlae
ment near Baghdad, between the Boralj and the ‘Turkish regular
which tho latter were defeated, a flying soldier was eaught within wight
encampment. His captora were going to put him to death, when he
his hand towards the nearest tent, claiming the Dukheel of its owner, *
chanced to be Sahiman, Mijwell's eldest brother, The Sheikh was
home, but his beantifal wife Noura angwared to the appeal and sein
tent-pole beat off his pursuers, and saved his lif. This conduct Beret
applauded by the Bedouins.

Caar. XIV.5 YHE LAWS OF DAXHEEL. sty

enemy cf his camel or horse where he could neither reach water or
an encampment. When Bedouins meet persons in the widet of
the Desert, they will frequently take them within s certain distanwy
of tents, and, first pointing out their site, then deprive them of
An Arab who has given his protection to another, whether
formally, or by an act which confers the privilege of Dukhvot, ix
bound to protect his Dakhal under all circumstances, even to the
rick of his own property and life. I could relate mai
stances of the greatest sacrifices having been mailo by inilivi
and even of whole tribes having been involved in war with pow
ful enemies by whom they have been almost utterly deatroyel, in
defence of this most sacred obligation. Even the Turkish rulers
respect a law to which they may one day owe their safety, and
more than one haughty Pasha of Baghdad has fimnd refuge ond
protection in the tent of a poor Arab Sheikh, whean, during the
days of his prosperity, he had subjectes ta every inyneg and sweeney,
and yet who would then defy the: yovernment. itaelf, ancl cist hs
very life, rather than surrender his guest, “Tha oxeanen of
virtue is a reapect for the laws of Ivazitality, of which the Prrirhant
in all its various forms ix Lut » part,

Amongst the Beduuins why, watshed cre samala wut sna Fn
a poet of renown armgst the tetas, ¥ tha Avdantie,
few ballads that he had Siunmeriy sonvgenad in nonan So"
other celebrated Shassrar Sheikh, aa shied, asaicad v7
stanzas on pasing ¢verta, om panna
would sit in my text A an +
though plaintive, «ras, ‘
guests, and particuliy v! Mf jn
easily affected by rats
own passion fur tie uck :
and fro, keeping tine wits tut staciecuse 7)
sang the death of hie ounsatsoie 11. wiet,
laughter when the burden of tis ditty
wnaking extravrdinary Buiec 4:
more like a drunken ian th
bard itnprovised an amatory di
alinoet beyond control.
moved by these rude meusurer, which bis U6 eat
on the wild triber of the Pereian usyuutiu.
chaunted by their self-taught porte, on |. i
canpment, will drive warriors ty the cau:

hokage

tA alata

equally rare to find a wandering Arab who can
a wihten literature, and their traditional hi
more than the tales of a few storytellers who
ment to encampment, and earn their bread
the monotonous tones of a one-stringed
covered with sheep-skin,

‘The extemporary odes which Saoud sung befor
in praise of those present, or a good-natured satire

our party.

‘The day of our departure now drew nigh, and $ 7
do us honor, invited us to a general review of the ” |
under his command. The horsemen of the Milli and
and of the Arab tribes who encamped with them, joined
cavalry, and added to the interest and beauty of the
Hyta-Bashis were, as usual, resplendent in silk and gold. 49
were some high-bred horses in the field ; but the men, on the whole,

were badly mounted, and the irregular cavalry is daily ner:
throughout the empire. The Turkish Government have ely
neglected # branch of their national armies to which they owed most
of their great victories, and at one time their superiority

their neighbours, The abolition of the Spahilike, and

tary tenures, has, of course, contributed much to this

has led to the deterioration of that excellent breed of horses which
once distinguished the Ottoman light cavalry. No effort is»
made by the government to keep up the race, and the pe

the jungle, and the flames soon spread

we i Ly tls nari woah ea the crackling.
reeds, and until nightfall the sky was darkened by
of smoke. we

During our journey an Arab joined ua, riding on a dele

his wife, His two children were crammed into a
‘Iags, a black head peeping out of either side. He!
with his kinsmen, and was moving with his family ae
perty to another tribe. =,
After a six hours’ ride we found ourselves

cloudless sky. To the south of it rose a line
hills, and to the east the furrowed mountain of |
other sides was the Desert, in which this |

be difficult to imagine a scene more calm, more fai
looked for in the midst of a wilderness, It was like

‘The atnall town of Khatouniyah was, until r
by a tribe of Arabs, A foud, arising out of the
of two chiefs, sprang up amongst them. The fi

persons were killed, and the place was consequently. d ont

Char. XV.) LAKE OF KHATOUNIYAH. 325

party joining the Tai Arabs near Nisibin, the other the Yezidis of
Keraniyah. We traced the remains of cultivation, and the dry
water-courses, which once irrigated plots of rice and melon beds.
The lake may be about six miles in cireumference. From its
abundant supply of water, and its central position between the
Sinjar and the Khabour, Khatouniyah must at one time haye been
a place of zome importance.

‘The few remains that exist do not Lelong to an earlior period
than the Arab, The small town oecupies the whole of the
sula, and is surrounded by a wall, rising from the water's edge,
with a gate opening on the narrow causeway. The houses were
of stone, and the rooms vaulted. In the deserted streets were still
standing the ruins of a small bazar, a mosque, and a bath.

‘The water of the lake, although brackish, like nearly all the
springs in this part of the Desert, is not only drinkable, but, ac-
cording to the Bedouins, exceedingly wholesome for man and beast.
It abounds in fish, some of which are said to be of very consider-
able size. As we approached the Bairakdar, seeing something
struggling in a shallow rode to it, and captured a kind of barbel,
weighing above twenty pounds, Waterfowl and waders, of various
kinds, congregate on the ehores, ‘The etately crane and the
ful egret, with its enow-white plamago and feathery crest, stand
luzily on its margin; and thousands of ducks and teal eddy on its
surface round the unwieldy pelican.

Our tents were pitched on the very water's edge. At sunset a
few clouds which lingered in the western eky were touched with
the golden rays of the setting sun. The glowing tints of the
heavens, and the clear blue shadows of the Sinjar hills, mirrored in
the motionless lake, imparted a calm to the scene which well
matched with the solitude around.

We hail scarcely resnmed our march in the morning when we
spied Suttum and Khoraif coming towards us, and urging their
fleet mares to the top of their speed. A Jebour, leaving our
encampment at Umjerjeh, when Hormuzd was dangerously “ill,
had spread a report * in the Desert, that he was actually dead.

* The manner in which are spread and exaggerated in the Desert is

frequently highly amusing. hn all encampments there are idle vagabonds who

live by carrying news from tribe to tribe, thereby earning a dinner and spend-

ing their leisure hours. As soon as a stranger arrives, and relates anything of

interest to the Arabs, some such follow will mount bis ready-saddied deloul,

and make the best of bis way to retail the news in a neighbouring tent, from
3

Cua, XV.) ARAB HORSES. 327

from one original stock, the Koheylch, which, in course of time,
was divided, after the names of celebrated mares, into the following
five branches:—Obeyan Sherakb, Hedbu Zayhi, Manckia Hed-
rchji, Shouaymah Sablah, and Margoub.* These form the Kamse,
or the five breeds, from which alone entire horses arc chosen to
propagate the ruce. From the Kamse have sprung a number of
families no less noble, perhaps, than the original five; but the
Shammar receive their stallions with suspicion, or reject them al-
together. Among the best known are the Wathna Kherzan, so
called from the mares being said to be worth their weight in gold ;
(noble horses of this breed are found amongst the Arab tribes in-
habiting the districts to the east of the Euphrates, the Beni Lam,
Al Kamees, and Al Kithere;) Khalawi, thus named from a wonder-
ful feat of speed performed by a celebrated mare in Southern
Mesopotamia; Jaiaythanif, and Julfy. The only esteemed race
in the Desert which, according to Suttum, cannot be traced to the
Kamse, is the Saklawi, although considered by the Shammar and
by the Bedouins of the Gebel Shammar, as one of the noblest, if
not the noblest, of all. It is divided into three branches, the most
yalued being the Saklawi Jedran, which is said to be now almost
extinct. The agents of Abbas Pasha, the Viceroy of Egypt, sent
into all parts of the Desert to purchase the best horses, have
especially sought for mares of this breed. The prices given for
them would appear enormous even to the English reader. A
Sheikh of the great tribe of the Al Dhofyr was offered and refused
for a mare no less than 1200/., the negociation being carried on
through Faras, Sheikh of the Montefik, who received handsome
presents for the trouble he had taken in the matter. As much as
a thousand pounds is said to have been given to Sheikhs of the
Aneyza for well-known mares. So that, had the Pasha’s challenge
been accepted, the best blood in Arabia would have been matched
against the English racer, During my residence in the Desert I
eaw eeveral horses which were purchased for the Viceroy.

To understand how a man, who has perhaps not even bread

* According to Burckhardt, the five are, Taueyse, Manckis, Koheyleh, Sak~
lawi, and Julfa, He probubly received these names from the Arabs of the
Hedjaz, who are less acquainted with the breeds of horses than the Shammar
or AncyzaBodouins. (Notes on Arabs, p. 116. but at p. 253. he obsorves, that
the Nedjd Arabs do not reckon the Manekia and Julfa in the Kamse.)

+ A well-known horse, nated Merjian, long in my possession, and originally

from the Mr. Ross, was of thi

Cuan. XY.) ARATD TLORSES. 329

amongst the tribes who inhabit Mesopotamia and the great plains
watered by the Euphrates and Tigris. These rich pastures, nou-
rished by the rains of winter and spring, the climate, and—ac-
cording to the Arabs — the brackish water of the springs rising in
the gypsum, seom especially favorable to the rearing of horses.
‘The best probably belong to the Shammar and Aneyza tribes, a
rivalry existing between the two, and fame giving the superiority
sometimes to one, sometimes to the other. The mares of the
Aneyza haye the reputation of being the largest and most powerful,
but as the two tribes are always at war, plundering and robbing
one another almost daily, their horses are continually changing
owners.

‘The present Sheikh of the Gebel Shammar, Ibn Reshid, has, L
am informed, a very choice stud of mares of the finest breeds, and
their reputation has spread far and wide over the Desert. The
Nawab of Onde, the Ekbal-ed-Doulah, a good judge of horses,
who hnd visited many of the tribes, and had made the pilgrimage to
the holy citics by the little frequented route through the interior of
Nedjd, assured me that the finest horses he had ever seen were in
the possession of the Shereef of Mecca. The Indian market is
chiefly supplied by the Montefik tribes inhabiting the banks of
the lower Euphrates; but the purity of their stock has been
neglected in consequence of the great demand, and a Montefik
horse is not valued by the true Bedouin, Horse-dealers, generally
of the mixed Arab tribe of Agayl, pay periodical visits to the
Shammar and Aneyza to purchase colts for exportation to India,
They buy horses of high caste, which frequently sell for large
sums at Bombay. The dealers pay, in the Desert, from 302 to
1501 for colts of two, three, und four years The Agayles
attach less importance to blood than the Bedonins, and provided
the horse hn points which ecem suited to the Indian market,
they rarely ask his pedigree. The Arabs hence believe that Ku-
ropeans know nothing of blood, which with them is the first con-
sideration,

‘The horses thus purchased are sent to Bombay by native vessels
at a very considerable risk, whole cargoes being lost or thrown
overboard during storms every year. The trade is consequently
very precarious, and less flourishing now than it used to be. With
the exception of one or two great dealers at Baghdad and Busrah,
most of those who have been engaged init have been ruined.

The Arab horse is more remarkable for its exquisite symmetry
and beautiful with wonderful powers of en-

Gurance, than for extracrdinary

Arsh of the best blood bas ever been

difficalty of obtaining them is 20 great, that

seen beyond the limits of the Desert.

‘Their color is generally white, ght or dark ,

and bas, with white or black feet. Black is exceedingly rare,

piaceabeeprepabe tyr erger par

course, to the truc-bred Arab, and not to the man

Kardish and Turkish races, which are a cross between the Amb

and Persian. x hy

Their average beight is from 14 hands to 143, r
that exceeded I

ever cleaned or groomed. Thus apparently ey ar |
but skin and bone, and the townsman marvels at nima |

almost beyond price. Although docile as a lamb, and r
other guide than the halter, when the Arab mare hears the

The Shammar Bedouins give ipcther ae i Z
young, large quantities of camels’ milk. I have heard of n
cating raw flesh, and dates are frequently mixed with

Car. XV.J ARAB HORSES. 331

by the tribes living near the mouth of the Euphrates. The
Shammar and Aneyza shoe their horses if possible, and wan-
dering farriers regularly visit their tents. If an Arab cannot
afford to shoe his mare entirely, he will shoe her fore-fect. ‘The
Chaab (or Kiab) donot usually shoe their horees. The shoes, like
those used in all parts of the East, consist of a thin iron plate
covering the whole foot, execpt a small hole in the centre. They
are held by six nails, are clumsily made, and usually more clumsily
put on. The Arab horse has but two ordinary paces, a quick
and easy walk, sometimes averaging between four and five miles
an hour, and a half running canter. The Bedouin rarely puts his
mare to full speed unless pursued or pursuing, In racing, the
Arabs, and indeed Easterns in general, haye no idea that the
weight carried by the rider makes any difference,

LT have frequently pointed out to the Turkish authorities the
fitness of the rich plains watered by the Euphrates and Tigris for
a government stud. It would be difficult, in the present state of
things, to induce the Bedouins to place themselves under the
restraint necessary to such an undertaking; but there are many
half-eedentary tribes, who are well acquainted with the mam:
ment of horses, and know the best pastures of the Desert, If
properly protected and supported they could defy the Bedouins,
and maintain permanent stations in any part of Mesopotamia. A
noble race of horses, now rapidly becoming extinct, for the breed
of true Arabs is, I believe, daily deteriorating *, and their number
decreasing, might prove a source of strength and wealth to the
empire.

In the evening, as I was seated before my tent, I observed a
large party of horsemen and riders on deloule approaching our
encampment: ‘They stopped at the entrance of the large pavilion
reserved for guests, and picketing their mares, and turning loose
their dromedaries adorned with gay trappings, seated themselves
on the carpets. The chiefs were our old friends, Mohammed
Emin and Ferhan, the great Shammar Sheikh, We cordially
embraced after the Bedouin fashion. I had not seen Ferhan since

* Burckhardt states that the number of horses in Arabia did not in his time
excood 60,000. It has probably considerably decreased since. ‘The defeat of
the Wahabys, the conquest of Arabia, and the occupation of Syria by the
Egyptians, have contributed greatly both to the diminution and deterioration of
tho race. Ihave had no moans of ascertaining, even proximately, the number
of horses belonging to such tribes as the Shammar and Ancyza,

Leaving the plain, which was speckled as far as the |
ral with the flocks andi texts Of tis Badostal ar
very foot of the Sinjar. Khersa had been deserted
dlttani, who had rebuilt their village higher up on

hil I

Since the loss of Hattab, Suttum had newer ceased |

to the borders of the Persian Gulf in producing the
bravest hawks for the chase, The Yezidis carefully p
nests a8 hereditary property, in which certain families!
interest, The young bi with the exception of one
ent the parents deserting the place, are taken when |

* Nineveh and its Remains, vol, i. p 113.

Cuar. X¥.) BUYING HAWKS. 333

They are then sold, generally to the Bedouins, for comparatively
large prices, from five to twenty gazees (14. to 41) being given
according to the reputation of the nest, whose peculiar qualities

are a matter of notoriety amongst poe e Spies ‘Three birds
only, in cach brood, are thought worthy of heing trained. ‘The
first hatched is the most esteemed, and is called * Nadir; the

second ranks next, and i: known as the “ Azeez.” A hunting-
hawk of the Sinjar species aah pe. sles hand eee lane Charkh,”
It strikes its not in the air, and is prin-
cipally flown ppc ge bustards, and hares. The young are sold
by weight. Suttum sat, scales in hand, examining the unfledged
birds with the eye of a connoisseur, and weighing them with
scrupulous care, All that were brought to him were, however,
rejected, the Sheikh protesting that the Infidels were cheating him,
and ad sold all the nadirs and azeezes to more fortunate
Bedouins.

Next day we made but little progress, encamping near a spring
under the village of Aldina, whose chicf, Murad, had now returned
from his captivity. Grateful for my intercession in bis behalf, he
brought ua sheep and other provisions, and met us with his people
as we entered the valley. The Mutesellim was in his village
collecting the revenues, but the inhabitants of Nogray had refused
to contribute the share assigned to them, or to receive the governor.
He begged me to visit the rebellious Yexidis, and the whole day
was spent in devising schemes fora general peace. At length the
chiefs consented to accompany me to Aldind, and, after some
reduction in the Salian, to pay the taxes.

Daring the negociations, Suttum, surrounded by clamorous
Yezidis, was sitting in the shade, examining and weighing un-
fledged hawke. At length three were deemed worthy of his
notice: one being pretty well advanced in days was sent to
his tent for education, under the charge of the rider of the
Nedjd deloul. The others, being yet in a weak state, were
restored to the nest, to be claimed on his return from Mosul. The
largest bird, being a very promising specimen, cost five gazecs or
14; the others, three gazecs and a half, as the times were hard,
and the tax-gatherers urgent for ready moncy.

We rode on the following day for about an hour along the foot
of the Sinjar hill, which fa bt subsides into a low undulating
country. The narrow valleys and ravines were blood-red with
gigantic poppies. ‘The Bedouins adorned the camels and horses with
the scarlet flowers, and twisted them into their own head-dresses

334 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. [Caan xv.

and long garments, Even the Tiyari dreesed
gaudy trappings of nature, and as we journeyed

are the wine and spirits of the Arab; a couplet is equal to «
bottle, and a rose to a dram, without the evil effects of either.

The large artificial mound of ‘Tel Shour rose in te i
right of us. About nine miles from our last
crossed @ stream of sweet water named Prttrmrssee hm
soon after for the day in the bosom of the hills, near some reedy
ponds; called Fukka, formed by several eprings, As this waaie’well-
ad place of rendezvous for the Bedouine when out on the
ghazou, Suttum displayed more than usual caution in choosing the
place for our tents, ascending with Khoraith a neighbouring peak
to survey the country and scan the plain below. . Bs

In the afternoon the camels had wandered from the eneampment
in search of grass, and we were reposing in the shade of our tents,
when we were roused by the cry that a ange boty ee
be seen in the distance. The Bedouins immediately
drive back their beasts. Suttum unplatting his | donee persia
shaking it in hideous disorder over his head and faee, and ted
his arms to the shoulder, leapt with bis quivering spear
saddle. Having first placed the camp in the best. besos.
fence I was able, I rode out with him to reconnoitre. But our
alarm was soon quieted. ‘The supposed enemy proved to be a party
of poor Yezidia, who, taking advantage of our caravan, were Boing to
Mosul to seck employment during the summer.

Tn the evening Suttum inveighed bitterly against a habit of some
travellers of continually taking notes before strangers. I endes-
voured to explain the object and to remove his fears. “ Itisallvery
well,” said the Sheikh, “and I can understand, and am willing to
believe, all you tell me, But supposing the Turks, or bp A |
else, should hereafter come against us, there are many
suspicious men in the tribe, and I have enemies, who would
that I had brought them, for I have shown you everything.
know what would be the consequences to me of such
for you, you are in this place to-day, and 100 day:
to-morrow, but Tam always here. ‘There is not a plot of

Cuar, XV.) TAKING NOTES. 335

a spring that that man (alluding to one of our party) does not
write down” Suttum’s complaints were not unreasonable, and
tmvellers cannot be too cautious in thia reapect, when amongst in-
dependent tribes, for even if they do not bring difficulties upon
themselves, they may do so upon others.

We had a seven hours’ ride on the delouls, leaving the caravan
to follow, to the large ruin of Abou Maria *, passing through ‘Tel
Afer. The Jehesh were encamped about two miles from the place.
My workmen had excavated for some time in these remarkable
mounds, and had discovered chambers and several enormous slabs
of Mosul marble, but no remains whatever of sculpture. They
had, however, dug out several entire bricks bearing the name of the
founder of the north-west palace at Nimroud, but unaccompanied
by that of any town or temple, The ruins are of considerable
extent, and might, if fully explored, yield some valuable relics.

A short ride of three hours brought us to Eeki (old) Mosul, on
the banka of the Tigris. According to tradition this is the original
site of the city. There are mounds, and the remains of walls,
which are probably Assyrian, Upon them are traces of build-
ings of a far more recent period. My workmen had opened
several trenches and tunnels in the principal ruin, and at a subse-
quent period Awad, with a party of Jehesh, renewed the exca-
vations in it, but no relics throwing any light upon its history were
discovered, .

‘Mosul was still nine caravan hours distant, and we encamped
the next night at Hamaydat, where many of our friends came out
to meet uz. On the 10th of May we were again within the walls
of the town, our desert trip having been accomplished without any
miehap or accident whatever.

Suttum left us two days after for his tents, fearing lest he
should be too late to join the warriors of the Khorusseh, who
had planned a grand ghazou into Nedjd. They were to be away
for thirty days, and expected to bring back a great spoil of mares,
dromedaries, and camele, As forthree days they would meet with
no wells, they could only ride ‘their delouls, each animal carrying a
spearman and a musketeer, with their skins of water and a scanty
stock of provisions. ‘They generally contrive to return from these
expeditions with considerable booty. Suttum urged mre to accom-
pany them; but I had long renounced such evil habits, and other

* Lhaye elsewhere described the ruins and springs of Abou Marla, (Nineveh

sao ite Breiiaaael tn. 312)

338 NINEVEH AND BABYLON. [map XVL

The earth had beon completely removed from the sides of the
long gallery, on the walls of which had been | the trans
port of the large stone and of the winged bulla.* ‘outlet was
discovered near its western end, opening into a narrow descending
passage; an entrance, it would appear, into the palace from the
river side.t Its length was ninety-six foct, its breadth not more
than thirteen. The walls were panelled with sculptured slabs about
six feet high.t Those to the right, in descending, represented a
procession of seroma conying fh fone eee for
a banquet, preceded by mace-bearers. The first servant in
ts ge tre an tit which sald nt et
i the oespnl es ies See eee r
the "soscqeadnfed with that aie Me ouyer seme
lag four ths top peared that Se srarile ke oer or
fir. After all, the sacred symbol held by the | Sgures in
the Assan apo may bo tho ame Ft and ot ab have
conjectured, that of a coniferous tree.§

The attendants who followed carried clusters of vite daten and
flat baskets of osier-work, filled with pomegranates, apples, and
bunches of grapes, They raised in one hand small green boughs
to drive away the flies. Then came men
and dried locusts fastened on rods. ‘The Jocust has ever been an
article of food in the Kast, and is still sold in the markets of many
towns in Arabia. Being introduced in this buerelief amongst
the choice delicacies of « banquet, it was probably highly prized by

the Assyrians.
‘The locust-bearers were followed by a man with strings of pome-
* No. XLIX. Plan L No LI. same Plan,

vated by Be

‘ST Bazin (ce on the Bao, p28) gv he iloning asa af
the mode of preparing them:—* The Arabs in preparing Jocusts as an of
food, throw them alive into boiling water, with which a good deal of salt has
been mixed: after a few minutes they are taken out and dried in the sun, ‘The

pore re pe hte off; the bodies are cleansed from the

ins.
stitute materials for a breakfast when poe over pedi ined
with butter." Tt has been conjectured that the locust eaten by John
Baptist in the wilderness was the fruit of a tree; but it is more

‘the prophet used 8 common article of food, abounding even in the

= Serr SE al 2aBYLOX (Car. xvi

come even, “rte Zeeeme ir mowing their colossal figures,
Sem oe see eet oS somth a narrow passage/
wonse Scone mee mat veem yurposely destroyed. Tt led int

> om acm: of oat waroed in several folds round tht
Ani $n cr Same Raines a: che waist by a broad belt. Fro
sucic=¥ = mar te amjectured that the eculp
SREMAET SE RE part of Armenia, andi»

sim: Paz: D2 fen lomg. anil beosd. No. XIX. same Pl

ani NNXVUOL sam: Pan The reader will undents
exsavackos were bere carried on by referring to
perceived thar there is ax oninterrupted line of wall, ak
was camiad, fom No XLIL to No. XXXVIIL, thro
entrances } g. ani J.

‘6

Mods Sepunple nyche

Beth-Dagon, or the house of Dagon, amongst the uttermost cities
of the children of Judah §, and another city of the same name in
the inheritance of the children of Asher,|}

amongst the gods of the Assyrians in the cuneiform i

‘The first doorway, guarded by the fish-gods, led into two small
chambers opening into each other, and once panelled with bas-
reliefs, the greater part of which had been destroyed. Ona few
fragments, still standing against the walls, could be traced a city
on the shore of a sea whose waters were covered with galleys.
T shall call these chambers “the chambers of records,” for, like
“the house of the rolls,” or records, which Darius ordered to
be searched for the decree of Cyrus, concerning the building
uf the temple of Jerusalem", they appear to have contained
the decrees of the Assyrian kings as well as the archives of the
empire.

T have mentioned elsewhere tt that the historical records and
public documents of the Assyrians were kept on tablets and cylinders

* ‘The authorities reapecting this god are collected in Selden, “De Dis Syria,”
and in Beysr's commentary. Abarbancl, in his commentary on Samuel, says
that Dagon had the form of a fish, from the middle downwards, with the feet
and hands of a man,

f 1 Sam. ¥. 4 } Judges, xvi. 23.

§ Joshua, xv. 41. From the connection of this verse with the 33rd, it would
appear that the town was in a valley.

|| Joshua, xix. 27, 1 Mac. x. 83. Nos. XL. and XUL Pian L

** Kara, vi 1, {t Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ik po 18>

, j 4 y
Mechiur Ohambor Shee Yyoryn

on a third, what seems to be a calendar. It is highly probable
shit a roceed of etinacelel lesen ee
them, for we know from ancient writers, that the Babylonians it
scribed such things upon burnt bricks. As we find from the

{aserto Tate promed wth Bain asecbed Tate, wits ieee a
“* ‘End ta Carare Obarneterr b=

Bayian inscriptions, that the Assyrians kept a very accurate com=—
putation of time, we may reazonably expect to obtain abl
chronological tables and some information as to their methods
dividing the year, and even the day. Many are sealed with seals,
and may prove to be legal contracts or conveyances of land. Others
bear rolled impressions of those engraved cylinders so frequently
found in Babylonia and Assyria, by some believed to be a
lets. The characters appear to haye been formed by a very deli-
cate instrument before the clay was hardened by fire, and
process of accurately making letters so minute and comp!
must have required considerable ingenuity and experience. —
some tablets are found Phcenician, or cursive Assyrian characters
and other signs. Pe!
The adjoining chambers contained similar relics, but in far
smaller numbers. Many cases were filled with these tablets

sculptures, forming the outer part of
the entrance, were two colossal human
figures, without wings, wearing gar-
lands on their heads, and bearing
branches ending in three flowers.
Within the temple, at right angles
to the entrance, were sculptured fish-
gods, somewhat different in form
from those in the palace of Kouyunjik.
The fish's head formed part of the

cap
winged figures, The tail only reached
to the waist of the man, who was
dressed in the tunic and long furred
robe, commonly seen in the bas-
reliefs of Nimroud.*

* Specimens of all these figures are now in the British Museum.

Some 882 =

ia Ste Mery Alsat ;:
Cntrarie he Senpe High Mes te Norte

iui Wh

Syke" 0s

roms Lucian's De Ded
“ Ashtoreth.”

re FF

ai. 6, 33, 2 Ki

iF
iF

$B ch. b, sam

‘bull's horns

determined. ‘The inhabitants of the countries over e ruled
gol aller, exppery and iron (?), for the new pales,

of ’
‘He also built two cities on the Euphrates, one on each bank (2),
calling one after his own name, and the other after the name of
the great god Askur, nivel

reader, I will merely give literal versions, as far as they car

given, of the history of two of the most important r

‘They will show the style of these remarkable n
minuteness with which events were recorded. ‘ela
‘The first pargraph relates to the campaign of the king om the
as

borders of the Euphrates.

«On the 22nd day of the month... . departed from Galil
(the quarter of Nineveh now called Nimroud), Lcrossed the Tigris,
On the banks of the Tigris I received much tribute. In the city
of Tabit I halted. I occupied the banks of the river Karma (? the
Hermus, or eastern confluent of the Khabour). In of
Megarice I halted. From the city of Megarice I u
occupied the banks of the Khabour (Chaboras). I halted
city of Sadikanni (? or Kar-dikanni). I received the tr
Sadikanni. From Sadikanni I departed. , In Kedni T halted,
received the tribute of the city of Kedni. From Kedni I de
to the city of... lemmi. In the city of . . . lemmi
From the city of . . . lemmi I departed. In the city |
Khilapi I halted, The tribute of Beth-Khilapi I rec
silver,"and many other articles, amongst which are app
of clothing, or embroidered stuffs. Then follow his n

(the Camanus, in the north of Syria). I sacrificed
made dridges (or beams), and pillars (?).
them to Bithkara, for my own house, for

in the etandard and other i i
palace at Nimroud ; but in the records just d
a minuteness of geographical detail, which enables us

tion of enemy’s cities, he likens it to “ the
His expedi

which the

aa zs
,_ Tt The whole of the last passage is very obscure ; the translat
jectural,

‘Remesen Jo» ena Temple | Mew).

Cuar. X¥LJ STATUX OF THE KING, 361

was also a record of the wars and campaigns of the early Nimroud
king, and was important as enabling us to restore such parts of
and as furnishing various
readings of the same text. The inscription on the under part was
a mere abridgment of the other.
Nearly in the centre of the principal
chamber were two small slabs
gether. On each was the sume inserip-
tion, merely containi: from
evosiied uackehare ore
‘The other rooms in the same build-
ing contained no inscriptions, sculptures,
or other objects of interest. The walls
had been plastered and painted.
In the earth above the great in-
scribed slab, was found an interesting
figure, 3 feet 4 inches high, and cut in a
hard, compact limestone. It appeared
to represent the king himself attired as
igh priest in his sacrificial robes, In
his right hand he held an instrument
resembling a sickle, and in his left the
sncred mace. Round his waist was the
knotted girdle; and his left arm, like
that of the king in the opposite temple,
was partly concealed by an outer robe.
His garments descended to his feet, the
toes alone projecting from them. The
beard and hair were elaborately curled,
‘The features were majestic, and the ge-
neral proportions of the statue not alto-
gether incorrect, with the exception of
a want of breadth in the side view pecu-
Vine to Assyrian works of art of this
nature. It was, however, chiefly re-
markable as being the only entire statue
“in the round” of this period, hitherto discoverod in the ruins of
Nineveh.
On the breast is an inscription nearly in these words :— After the
name and title of the king, “ The conqueror from the upper
passage of the Tigris to Lebanon and the Great Sea, who all
countries, from the rising of the sun to the going down thereof,

‘sussne of King, freee Toanyte (Simmaced)

Lacing Place wh Breyton om the Tyra a: Meas

CHAP. XVII.

‘THE SUMMER, — KNCAMYSUSST AT KOUFUNITX. — VISETORS, — MODE OF LIFE—
DRPARYCRE FOR THE MOUNTAINS. —AKRA.—MOCK-TANLETS AT GUNDUK.—
DISTRICT OF ZIBARL.—NAMET AGHA.— DISTRICT OF SHIRWAN — OF DARA-
DOST —OF GUEKDI — OF SHEMDINA.— MOUBA RY. — NESTORIAN BIsHOY. —
CONVENT OF MAM HANANISHO, — DISTRICT AND FLAIN OF GHAOUN,— DIZZA-
AN ALIANIAN PRIRND.—RASH-KALAIL—IZ20T PARIA—A JEWISH EXCAME=
MENT, — IGE MOUNTAIN PASS, — MAIMOUDIYAN. — FIRST VIEW OF WAN.

Tae difficulties and delay in crossing the Tigris, now swollen by
the melting of the mountain snows, induced me to pitch my tents
‘on the mound of Kouyunjik, and to reside there with all my party,
instead of daily passing to and fro in the rude ferry-boate to the
rains. The small European community at Mosul was increased
in June by the arrival of a large party of travellers. Two English
gentlemen and their wives who passed through on their way to
Baghdad: the Hon. Mr. Walpole, who has since published an ac-
count of his adventures in the Enst; the Rev. Mr. mn, to whom
I am indebted for many beautiful sketches, and of whose kindness
in affording me these valuable illustrations I again seize the

Cur. XVIL] «JOURNEY TO TIE MOUNTAINS, 365

remained there, without again secking the open air, until it was far
down in the western horizon. The temperature in the dark tunnels
was cool and agreeable, nearly twenty degrees of Fahrenheit lower
than that in the shade above; but I found it unwholesome, the
sudden change in going in and out causing intermittent fever,

After the sun had set we dined outside the tents, and afierwards
reclined on our carpets to enjoy the cool balmy air of an Eastern
night. ‘The broad gilver river wound through the plain, the great
ruin east its dark shadows in the moonlight, the light of “the
lodges in the gardens of cucumbers”* flickered at our feet, and
the deep silence was only broken by the sharp report of a rifle
fired by the watchful guards to frighten away the wild boars
that lurked in the melon beds. We slept under the open sky,
making our beds in-the field. Around us were the tents of the
Jebour workmen; their chiefs and the overseers generally ga-
thered round us to talk over the topics of the day until the night
was far spent.

July had set in, and we were now in “ the eye of the summer.”
My companions had been unable to resist its heat. One by one
we dropped off with fever, The Doctor, after long suffering, had
gone with Mr. Walpole to the cooler regions of the Kurdish hills,
there to wait until the state of the excavations might enable me to
join them. Mr. Cooper, too, had so much declinod in health that
I sent him to the convent of Mar Metti, on the summit of the
Gebel Makloub. Mr. Hormuzd Rassam and myself struggled on
the longest, but at length we also gave way. Fortunately our ague
attacks did not coincide. We were prostrate alternate days, and
were, therefore, able to take charge alternately of the works. By
the 11th of July I had ent to Buarah the first collection of seulp-
tures from Kouyunjik, andon that day, in the middle of the hot stage
of fever, and half delirious, I left Mosul for the mountains. There
were still parts of central Kurdistan unyisited by the European
traveller, The districts belonging to the Zibari Kurds, between
Rahwanduz and the Nestorian valleys, had but recently made a

* Isaiah, i. 8. These temporary huts are raised in the gardens and plantations
of melons, cucumbers, and other fruit, by the men who watch day and night to
protect them against thieves and wild animals.

tre bo

uilptured tablets in the rocks ab

:
4;
j
say

* Those villages were Khurlay Rae-al-sin, Khardiz, and

BAS-RELIEFS AT GUNDUK. 369

the lower, as far as I could distinguish
ah pasta baer

ese. temtyeans nes he Peay Hf Coote

T was examining these sculptures, the Nestorian Kiayah
jme. He was ashamasha or deacon, a venerable old man
beard falling on his breast. The upper sculpture,
Tepresented Saint John with his horse; hence the name of

¢ the lower was some church ceremony which he could
explain. Returning with him to hie dwelling, where

pared a plentiful breakfast, we passed the heat of the
ler a shady poreh overlooking the plain.
: BB

Hill u

. sigeaaed
Hisbalilindls

|
i

i
a

one of his dependants, 1

American

Taountains the year after my visite

> + Or Chapnaia, in Chaldean,

* Khan-ivresh is, by observation, 4372 feet

+ It was this chief, or
‘Wns about to murder two.

dsineriring bo)

any aind ade

by
wich, bu

UE
aeF

i
|

she iki nh eas
A EGE GDS

the

principal causes of the undatiled
disputes between

tan, and of the frequent

2 | i

* Amongst the Jewish population scattered widely over this
Media, might be sought the descendants of the ten tribes,

i
i
i
i
i
;
4

neal
tnt
te
all
ny
Lie

bility than in the various lands which ingenious speculation

of the mountain, are
as the dwelling-places of the remnant of Israel.

and some of the

-e e
d4gee
| $2 4! 532229 2223

338 RNINEVEM AND BABYLON: fCmar, XVI.

‘Yurkish fashion, had been prepared for ua, and we soon found re~
yose upon a spacious divan, surrounded by all the luxuries of
Fastern life.

‘The Cade f Miabomnrotiy

CHAP. XVIIL

DESCRIPTION GF WAN, —1T8 MISTORY,— LMFROVEMENT 18
TH OONDEFION. THe ANMEEXTAN RUSHOF,—TuK CUXMIFORM MxscRIFTIONS.—
‘THE CATES OF EMOREHON.— Tan MENKR KArOUSE —A TRADITION. — On~
MERVATIONS O8 THE INSCRIFTIONS.—TANIE OF KINGS MENTIONED IN THEM.—
BAIEAM. —AN ARMENIAN SCHOOL, — THE AMEEICAN MISSIONS. — PRO-
TETANY MOVEMENT IN TURKEY. — AMIKI.—THE CONVENT OF YEDI KLISSIA.

Mimmcer Pasita was living daring the fast of Ramazan in a kiosk
iyae of the gardens outside the city walle. Wohad scarcely eaten,
Here he came himself to weleome us to Wan. He was the son of
the lest Bostandji-Bashi of Constantinople, and having been
tight up from a child in the imperial palace, was a man of
and dignified manners, and of considerable information.
he had never left his native country, he was not ig-
the habits and customs of Europe. He bad long

in difficult and responsible post, and to his
and eagucity was chiefly to be attributed the subju-
‘of Beder-Khan Bey and the rebel Kurdish tribes His
‘was mild and conciliating, and he possessed those qualities so
‘in a Turkich governor, yot so indispensable to the civili-

PEE

HUET
F

390 NINEVEH AND BABYLON, (Cmax, XVII.
sation and well-being of the empire, —a strict honesty in the admi-

wening
by the chiefs and elders of the city, and by the officers of his house-
hold. I eat with him till midnight, the time in that
agreeable conversation which a well-educated 80 well knows
how to sustain. oe

I remained a week at Wan, chiefly bean
cunciform inscriptions, and in examining its See
monuments of antiquity.

‘The city is of very ancient date. It stands on the border of
a large and beautiful lake, a site eminently suited to a prom
perous community. The lofty mountains bordering the i
eca to the cast, here recede in the form of an
leaving a rich plain five or six miles in breadth, in
which rises an isolated, calcareous rock. To the
natural stronghold, there is no approach, except on ‘ eg
side, where a gradual but narrow ascent is defended behins
and bastions. From the earliest ages it has conseq
acropolis of th cy, en no poston onl be eee
discovery of the engines of moilern warfare. ‘The fortifications

and castle, of a comparatively recent date, are now in ruing, and am
scarcely defensible, with their few rusty guns, against the attacks
of the neighbouring Kurds,

According to Armenian history, the Aen ene ee
founded the city, which, after her, was originally named

she sought refuge from the intolerable heats of a Mesopotamian
summer, returning again, on the approach of winter, to her palaces
at Nineveh.

The first city having fallen to decay, it is said to have been
rebuilt, shortly before the invasion of Alexander the Great, by an
Armenian king named Wan, after whom it was
called. It appears to have been again abandoned, for we find
it was once more raised from its foundations in the ce
0, by Vagharschag, the first king of the Arsacian dyn
Armenia, who made it the strongest city in the
cloventh. century it was ceded by the royal family. of

Church, had for some time threatened

munity, that portion of it which acknowledges the authori

the Sultan wishing to place itself under a patriarch who |

at Cis, in Cilicia, and, consequently, beyond foreign control.

The quarrel had now, however, been settled, and the bishop:

on the eve of his departure to receive that consecration which was

essential to his due admission into the Armenian hierarchy,
‘The modern town of Wan stands at the foot, and to the

the izolated rock, Its etreete and bazars are stall,

dirty; but its houses are not ill built. Tt is surrounded

ful gardens and orchards, irrigated by artificial rivolets deriv

from the streams rising in the Yedi Klissia mountains. It may

contain between twelve and fifteen thousand inhabitants. The

! Tamnrt nk on So mention the ne EO a
man at the bead of the quarantine establishment, from whom X Is
civility and assistance during my stay at Wan, and who, by the e!

had obtained over the Pusha, and by bis integrity and good sense, Is
tributed considerably towards the improvement in the condition of the
tians, and the general prosperity of the pashalic. THe was a

ception in a class made up of the refuse and outcasts of Europe, wi

more than ia generally known to corrupt the Turkish churacter, must
an European and a Christian into contempt. I am proud to
Englishman is not, I believe, to be found amongst them. ‘

-%’e yao

Paper on the Wan Inscriptions in 1

t So De Hines
Society.

Royal

: tle ;
Holince :

ir height from the
ccasible position see Sr Pg

quarries.
dlarptherelhe Messmer

nian churches within the town of Wan.* "They hed t
washed with the rest

Dr, Hincks, are Ishpuinish and Milidduris, They are
Sontag s reoord of the capture of any oes
of spoil carried away from conquered countries,
Tn the church of Surp Sahak I was able to transcribe:
seriptions, one under the altar, the other in the vestibule |
the level Gf tho Boor, whieh bad to bo. beck aad a
before I could reach the stone. ‘The longest consists
the other of twenty-seven. ‘The beginning and ending * th
in both are wanting. They belong to a king whose
inchs: rene Angst and one of than galelaman aa
of no less than 453 cities and 105 temples or .
carrying away of 25,170 (?) men, 2734 officers, 73,7
an immense number of women, oxen, and spoilt a
‘The only Haeestes Wen Sete hy

* Those churches are probably of great antiquity, but no record apy
remain of the date of their foundation. They are dark and rudely
have nothing remarkable in them.

[are ms eet Bees Nos. xxxviil, and xxix, -
fii ssianicanlesine onaiharing nen Goer

marked influence upon ots, |

tho surround them ; preparing them for the z
privileges, and for the restoration of a pun

‘ith to the East. ‘

‘The influence of this spirit of inquiry, fo

pres

their
ments

-
Hl

Dee ot Bran aevieed Oe
Venice. "This s another, though au indirect, of

Perking.* It was with much regret that I was

ship.
Brousa, Trebizond, E
Mosul, Aintab, Aleppo, and inwny other cities in Asia Mi
‘ative agents all over Turkey,

Early next morning I sought the inscriptions whi
assured were graven on the rocks near an “
a bold projecting promontory above the Inke. After

‘nian letters were rudely cut near its entrance. J
else, and Thad to return as I best could, d

* Called in Turkish Khanjerek..

A Kewtones Pasay employed io the Suxeeratucs at Kovyunst.

CHAP, XIX.

LEAYR WAN.—YHE ARMENIAN TATRIANCH,— THD ISLAND OF AXITAMAN. —
AN ARMENIAN CHURCH.—HISTORY OF TI CONVENT.—PASS INTO MUKOS.—
‘THR DISTRICT OF MUKUS—OF SHATTAK—OF NOURDOOZ.—A NESTORIAN
VULAGR,— ENCAMPMESTS.— MOUNT ABARAT. — MAR suaMOUN. — JULA-
MERIX.—YALLET OF Dit;—PFASS INTO JELU,—NESTORIAN DISTRICT OF
JRIT.— AN ANCIENT CHURCH,— THR BISHOP,— DISTRICT OF maz —oF
‘TRIOMA. — RETURN TO MOSUL.

Sickness had overcome both Dr. Sandwith and Mr. Cooper. A
return to the burning plains of Assyria might have proved fatal,
and I adyised them to seek, without further delay, the cooler
climate of Europe. Mr. Walpole, too, who had been long suf=
fering from fever, now determined upon quitting my party and
taking the direct road to Erzeroom.

In the afternoon of the 12th August I left the gates of the con-
vent of Yedi Klissia with Mr, Hormuzd Rassam. Once more I
was alone with my faithful friend, and we trod together the wind-
ing pathway which led down the mountain side. We had both
been suffering from fever, but we still had strength to meet its

Guar. XTX] AN ARMENIAN CHURCH 413

ing boatmen were nearly two hours before they reached the
convent,

In the absence of the Patriarch we were received by an
intelligent and courteous monk named Kirikor. His hair, as well
as his beard, had never known the scissors, and fell in long
rp eat Tt was of jetty black, for he
was still a young man, irs ead had already passed twenty
years of a monastic life, ee .
into the spacious courtyard convent, thence into an
upper room furnished with comfortable divans for the reception
of guests. Tea was brought to us after the Persian fashion, and
afterwards a more substantial breakfast, in which the dried fish
of the lake formed the principal dish. Kirikor had visited Jeru-
salem and Constantinople, had read many of the works issued
by the Venetian press, and was a man of superior acquirements
for an Armenian monk of the orthodox faith,

The church, which ia within the convent walls, ia built of the
sandstone of a rich deep red color that has been quarried for the
tarbehs of Aldlat. Like other religious edifices of the same

and of the same nation, it is in the form of a cross, with
a small hexagonal tower, ending in a conical roof, rising above the
centre. The first monastery was founded by a Prince Theodore in
A.D. 653: and the chureh is attributed to the Armenian king Kak-
hik, of the family of Ardzrouni, who reigned in the tenth century ;
but the island appears from a very remote date to have con-
tained « castle of the Armenian kings. ‘The entrance and yesti-
bule of the church are of a different style from the rest of the
building, being a bad imitation of modern Tralian architecture.
‘They were added about one hundred years ago by a patriarch,
whose tomb is in the courtyard. The interior is simple, A few
rade pictures of saints and miracles adorn the walls, and a gilded
throne for the Patriarch stands near the altar. ‘The exterior, how-
ever, senna anaes £0 alata bands of
peste upper part. being almost.

ered with bas-reliefs, giving to the whole building a very
meiking nd arigiad iepoeeraion ‘The conical roof of the tower,
rising over the centre of the cross, rests upon a frieze of hares,
pars ope on Fem arasor® wre tands.of

courses for irrigation. soon
gorge. High above us in a cave in the rock
tian chapel, which I visited, but without fi
terest in it, The ravine ended at length in

Next day we crossed a high mountain 4
places with snow, separating the district of 1
Shattak. Tta northern and western slopes are
tures of the Miran Kurds, whose flocks were

I recognise ‘villages 5
to Jezirch there are five caravan days’ journeys, and to Sert
mountain roads,

grief meatal
brow, and had turned his hair and beard

amall window, closed by a greased sheet of
tattered remains of a felt carpet, epread in a

of its furniture. ie
Jes worn. and

ruins. At the time of the massacre Mar S
himself by a precipitous flight before the fe ;
Khan Bey entered the village and slew those who
it, and were from age or infirmities unable to e

Mar Shamoun, at the time of my visit, had no
hogral the misfortisen of Ble pegple Sen) Roar
‘The latter were perhaps to be attrib
prudence and foresight. 1d influences, which T could
deplore, and to which I do not in Christian ch i
allude*, had been at work, and I found him even

/hchestho eis inate Spelah pias oily
Nostorians to which Tallady read Mr.
aad tak cule on Ade Plncker te in Assyrin. Ald
serail pine tireveaarorlies Coenen the
have no difficulty in seeing the misfortunes to which the unfor
to the American missions naturally led.

= =e aS et ew en allel |

male Sxce, high up from
‘Tae Srreshoe consists of 8

azis are far below it.”
izasts as is the custom of

Cuar, XIX.) PERILOUS MOUNTAIN TRAVELLING, 427

Near Julamorik we met many poor Nestorians flying, with their
wives and children, they knew not whither, from the oppression of
the Turkish governors.

The direct road by Tiyari to Mosul is carried along the river
Zab, through ravines searcely practicable to beasts of burden.
It issues into the lower valleys near tho village of Lizan. In~
stead, however, of descending the stream, we turned to the
north, in order to cross it higher up by a bridge leading into
Diz. I had not yet visited this Nestorian district. Mar Sha-
moun, a8 well as the people of Julamerik, declared that the moun-
tain pathways could not be followed by beasts of burden; but
a man of Taal offering to show us a track open to horsemen,
we placed ourselves under his guidance. On the banka’ of the
Zab, I found the remains of an ancient road, cut in many places
in the solid rock, It probably led from the Assyrian plains
into the upper provinces of Armenia, There are no inscriptions
or ruins to show the period of its construction; but, from the
greatness of the work, I am inclined to attribute it to the Ac
syriang.

We picked our way over the slippery pavement na long as we
could find some footing for ourselves and our beasts, but in many
places, where it had been entirely destroyed, we were compelled to
drag our horses by main force over the steep rocks and loose
detritus, which sloped to the very edge of the river. At length,
after many falls, and more than once turning back from the

rocks, across which tho track was carried, we found
ourselves before a wicker suspension bridge. This primitive
structure had been almost washed away by recent floods, and now
hung from the tottering piers by a slender rope of twisted osiers.
Tt seemed scarcely able to bear the weight of a man. However,
some Neatorians, who, seeing us from the opposite side of the
river, had come to our help, undertook to carry our baggage
acrozs, and then to lead the horses over one by one. After eome
delay this dangerous passage was effected withont accident,
and we entered the valley of Diz. But there was another stream
between us and the first Nestorian village. We had to ford an
impetuous torrent boiling and foaming over smooth rocks, and
reaching above our saddle-girths. One of the baggage mules lost
its footing. The eddying waters hurried it along and soon hurled
it into the midst of the Zab. ‘The animal having, at length, re-
lieved itself from its burden, swam to the bank. Unfortunately
it bore my own trunks; my notes and inscriptions, the fruits

wild goats, and sheep, of which I was
distinct varieties, The large yellow partridge,

From the top of the pass we looked down i
The flocks of the Jelu villagers had worn
its almost perpendicular sides during their p
to and from the Zomaa; but frequently it was
polished line across flat, slippery rocks of enormou
a faint streak over the loose stones Down
we had to drag our jaded horses, lea 0
blood. hve tanGoets expetichonal
do not remember to have seen any much
* According to observation by the boiling water thers
inent of the people of Jclu was 10,000 fet above the Tevel
quently the crest of the pass must have exceeded 11,000,

iba

Caar, XIX.) CHURCH IN VALLEY OF JELU. 433

way, to his dwelling. ‘The bishop was away. He had gone
oe sae Tesalagi celebrate divine service for a distant
congregation. The inhabitants of the village were gathered round
the church in their holiday attire, and received us kindly and hos
paren etic serie silvery tones of = awit
echoed fi gave an inexpressil to
the scene, It is not often that such sounds break upon the tra-
veller’s ear in the far East, to awaken a thousand pleasant thoughts,
and to recall to memory many a happy hour,

‘This church is aaid to be the oldest in the Nestorian mountaina,
and is aplain, substantial, square building, with avery small entrance.
To me it was peculiarly interesting, as having been the only one
that had escaped the ravages of the Kurds, and as containing
therefore its ancient furniture and ornaments. Both the church
and the dark vestibule were so thickly hung with relics of the most
singular and motley description, that the ceiling was completely
concealed by them: Amongut the objects which first attracted my
attention were numerous China bowls and jars of elegant form and
richly colored, but black with the dust of ages. They were
suspended, like the other relics, by cords from the roof. I was
assured that they had been there from time out of mind, and had
been brought from the distant empire of Cathay by those early
missionaries of the Chaldean Church, who bore the tidings of the
gospel to the shores of the Yellow Sea. If such were really the case,
some of them might date eo far back as the sixth or seventh centuries,
when the Nestorian Church flourished in China, and its missious
were spread over the whole of central Asia, The villagers would
not, in the absence of their bishop, allow me to move any of these
sacred relics, The sister of the Patriarch, they said, had endea-
yored to wash one some years before, and it had been broken.
Hung with the China vases was the strangest collection of objects
that could well be imagined: innumerable bells, of all forms and
sizes, many probably Chinese, suspended in long lines from one
side to the other of the church, making a loud and discordant
jingle when set in motion ; porcelain birds and animals, grotesque
figures in bronze, remains of glass chandeliers, two or three pairs
of old bullion epaulets, and a variety of other things, all brought
at various periods by adventurous inhabitants of the village, who
had wandered into distant lands, und had returned to their homes
with some evidence of their travels to place in their natiye church.
The walla were dressed with silks of every color and texture, and

with common Manchester prints. Notwithstanding the undoubted
- Pr

to the Nestorian districts in 1846.
’ sien is ie nile rion
at once recognised the villagera.
crowded round us, vieing with each other in offer:
We alighted at the clean and spacious house.
was, however, away at the time of our arrival,
shamefull,

+ Ninevel and its Remains, vol i. p. 209%

Onar. XIX.) NESTORIAN PERSKCUTIONS. 435

weat of Baz, which, since my first visit, had been the ecene of
one of the bloodiest episodes of the Nestorian maseacre, wo on-
tered the long narrow ravine leading into the valley of Tkhoma.
We stopped at Gunduktha, where, four years before, I had taken
leave of the good priest Bodaka, who had been amongst the first
victims of the fury of the Kurdish invaders, The Kasha, who
now ministered to the spiritual wants of the people, the Rais of
the village, and the ry ogercannten rt amp eid
stopped in the siesta But they were no longer the
dressed and well-armed men who had welcomed me on Somes
ney. Their garments were tattered and worn, and their counte-
nances haggard and wan. The church, too, was in ruins; around
were the charred remains of the burnt cottages, and the neglected
orchards overgrown with weeds. A body of Turkish troops had
lately visited the village, and had destroyed the little that had
been restored since the Kurdich invasion, The eame taxes had
heen collected three times, and even four times, over. The rela-
tions of those who had rn away to escape from these exactions had
been compelled to pay for the fugitives. The chief had been
thrown, with his arms tied behind his back, on a heap of burning
straw, and compelled to disclose where a little money that had
been saved by the villagers had been buried. The priest had been
torn from the altar, and beaten before his tion. Men
showed me the marks of torture on their body, and of iron
fetters round their limbs For the sake of wringing a few
piastres from this poverty-stricken people, all these deeds of vio-
Jence had been committed by officers sent by the Porte to pro-
tect the Christian subjects of the Sultan, whom they pretended to
have released from the misrule of the Kurdish chiefs.

‘The smiling villages described in the account of my previous
journey were now a heap of rains. From fonr of them alone 770
persons had beenslain. Beder Khan Bey had driven off, according
to the returns made by the Meleks, 24,000 sheep, 300 mules, and
10,000 head of eattle ; and the confederate chiefs had each taken
8 proportionate share of the property of the Christians. No flocks
were left by which they might raise money wherewith to pay the
taxes now levied upon them, and even the beasts of burden, which
could have carried to the markets of more wealthy districts the
produce of their valley, had been taken away.”

* On my return to Mowul I sent to Constantinople a report of the exactions
and cruelties to which the Nestorians hal been subjectod by their Turkish rulers;
but nothing, I fear, has been done to ens their contition.

Asdtg tod Weatcctacemoving alias at Koayante,

CHAP. XX-

‘SOorenies Ay KOUTENZIK DURING THE sUMMER.—DEEcRIPTIoN oF HH
SRUFTURES. —CAFTURE OF CITIES ON A GREAT RIVER.—POMP OF ASSYRIAN
EM, — FASSAOR OF A RIVER — ALABASTER PAVEMENT. — coNQuEST OF
TING A MARSH.— THEIR WEALTH. —~ CHAMBERS WITH SCULP-
| n ‘To A NEW KING. —DRICRIPTION OF THE SCULPTURES. —

‘SVICIASS. — CAPTIVES FUT TO TH TORTURE. — ARTISTIC CHAMACTER OF
aie tmeigaaerd INCLINED PARAAGE.— TWO SMALL CHAMERS, —
| FIGURES. — MORE SCULPTOKTS.

| Water I had been sbecut in the mountains the excavations had

| teen continued at Kouyunjik, notwithstanding the eummer heats,

Neatly all tho Arabs employed in the spring at Nimroud had boen
ers

* See 338.
Nos XI, XLT, and XIX, Plant
‘That to the eas iat alrendy been diseibed pe #50.>

‘that nei ‘these entrances are exactly in the

Cuar.XX.] DESCRIPTION OF THE WAS-RELIEFS. 439
as colonists in some distant part of the dominions of the great

encircled at the waist by a brond belt, that of the women of an
innor shirt and an outer ftingod robe falling to theanklos: the hair
of both was confined by « simple band n

shield, was attempting to set fire to one of the gates with a torch.
Part of the city had already been taken, and the conquerors were
driving away captives and cattle, Carts drawn by oxen were laden
with furniture and large metal vessels, On the other side of the
river, Sennacherib in his gorgeous war chariot, and surrounded
by his guarde, received the captives and the epoil. It is remark-
able that this was almost the only figure of the king which had not
been wantonly mutilated, probably by those who overthrew the
Assyrian empire, burned its palaces, and levelled its cities with the
dust.*

In this bas-relief the furniture of the horses was particularly
rich and elaborate. Above the yoke rose a semicircular orna~
ment, set round with stars, and containing the image of a deity,
‘The chariot of the Assyrian monarch, his retinue, and his attire,
accurately corresponded with the descriptions given by Xenophon
of those of Cyrus, when he marched out of his palace in proces-
sion, and by Quintus Curtius of those of Darius, when he went
to battle in the midst of his army. The Greek general had seen
the pomp of the Persian kings, and could deseribe it as an eyc-
witness. After the eacred bulls and horses, he says, came a white
chariot with a perch of gold adorned with a crown or wreath
sacred to Joye. Cyrus wore a tiara or turban raised high above
his head, and a vest of purple, half mixed with white. By him was
his driver. Four thousand guards led the way, and two thousand
walked on each side. The principal officers were onhorseback richly
attired, and behind them were the royal led horses, with bridles of
gold, and coverings wrought with raised work, precisely as we

ch, Plates 42 and 49 for part of-

web. ‘These
Soham

On either side of this grand portal were
lossal figures, amongst which was the fi
Tite remained Ste chamber fata wha

It appeared to be the remains of an entrance 5 )
that on the western fkoe, or. « gallery, loaiting 0%

* No, XXIV. Plan 1, 98 by 27 foet.

Nos. XXV.nnd XXVL Plan I.

Plate 56. 2d serics of the Monuments of Nineweb. —
§ No. XXVIL Plan. | No. XXVI

Car, XX.) DESCRIPTION OP THE BAS*RELIEFS 443

whieh probably surrounded the building. On its alabaster panels
were sculptured the conquest of some of those tribes which in-
habited, from the remotest period, the vast marshes formed by the
Euphrates and Tigris in Chaldww and Babylonia. The swamps
of Lemlun are still spread over this low Iand, and are the place of
refuge of a wild and barbarous race of Arabs, not improbably, as
I have alrendy observed, the descendants of the very people repre-
sented in the basreliefs of Kouyunjik. With these, or similar
tribes, the Assyrians, during the time of Sennacherib, appear to
have been in frequent war, and expeditions against them were re-
Gee = ic walls of more than ao shar of lope Un-
‘ortunately there were no remains of ¢ or other’

on the bas-reliefs. They may, veckafant pects paochent
campaign against Merodach-Baladan, king of Kar-Duniyas, re-
corded in the first year of the annals of Sennacherib on the great
bulls of Kouyunjik and at Bavian, Thisking appears to have ruled
over all the tribes inhabiting Chaldwa, including, therefore, those
that dwelt in the great marshes at the eonfluence of the rivers.

In these bas-rclicfa the swamps with the jungles of lofty reede,
the narrow paseages cut through them like streete, and the shal-
low stagnant water abounding in fish, were faithfully, though
rudely, portrayed. Men and women, seated on rafts, were
hiding themselves in the thick brakes, whilst the Assyrian war-
riors followed the fugitives in light boats of wicker work, pro-
bably taken from the enemy, and such as are used to this day by
the inhabitants of the same marshes, Some had overtaken and
were killing their victims, Others were returning to the banks
with captives, and with the heads of the slain. In the water were
the bodies of the dead already food for the fishes, The fighting
men of the conquered tribes were armed with bows, and wore
short tunics; the women ind long fringed robes; the hair of both
was confined round the temples by a fillet. This dress appears
from the goulptures to have been common to all the nations inhabit-
ing the country watered by the lower part of the Euphrates and
Tigria.

Although the people represented in these bas-reliefs dwelt in the
swampy districts of Chaldia, unless, indeed, they had only taken
refuge in them to eseape the vengeance of the Assyrian king, they
appear to have been as rich, if not richer, than any others con-
quered by Sennacherib. With the exception of three slabs and

* Two campaigns into Babylonia are recorded in the bull inscriptions.

mained,

ug
ie

* This group of horses is remarkable for its spirit and «

mar, XX.) DESCRIPTION OF THE BAS-RELIEFS. 451

entirely of metal, with embossed edges. For the first time we eee
in these bas-relief, the Assyrians using the battle-axe and the mace
in battle.

On the opposito side of the lion-entrance were also three slabs,
but better preserved than thoee I have juat described. They
formed part of the same subject, which had evidently been car-
ried round the four walls of the chamber. They represented the
triumph of the Assyrian king, and, like the battle scenes, were
divided by horizontal lines into several bands or friezes. The
monarch stood in his chariot, surrounded by his body-guard. Un-
fortunately his face, with those of the charioteer and the eunuch
bearing the parasol, had been purposely defaced, like that of Sen-
nacherib on his monuments, probably when the united armies of the
Medes and Babylonians destroyed the palace. Theroyalrobes were
profusely adorned with rosettes and fringes; the attendant eunuch
was dressed in a chequered garment resembling a Scotch plaid,
The parasol was embroidered with rosettes, and ornamented with
tazeela, and to it was hung the long piece of cloth or silk as a pro-
tection from the side rays of the sun, The chariot, part of which
had been destroyed, was most elaborately decorated. The body
was carved with an elegant pattern of intersecting circles and
rosettes, and edged by a tasteful border. In a circular panel was a
kneeling figure drawing a bow, probably the protecting deity of
the Assyrian king. A round boss projected from the fore part of
the chariot, and beneath it wasa case to receive the arrows and
bow. ‘The chariot was more lofty than that seen in earlier
Assyrian sculptures. The wheels were unusually large, and
had eight spokes, encircled by an ornamental border. The har~
ness of the horses consisted of a band under the chest, with
rosettes and tassels, a cluster of large tassels hanging over the
shoulder from the yoke, an embroidered or iyory-studded breast-
band, and head-pieces similarly adorned. Two lofty plumes, or
panaches, rose between their eara.

In front of the chariot were two warriors or guards in em-
broidered robes and greaves. Their long hair was bound by a
fillet, whose tasgelled ends fell loose behind. They were preceded
by two remarkable figures, both cunuchs, and probably intended
for portraits of some well-known officers of the Spal ded:
One was old and corpulent : his forehead was high and ample;
his nose curved and small, and his chin round and double.
The wrinkles of the brow, the shaggy eyebrows, and the bloated

y beard peculiar to beings of his class,
represented. His short hair was tied with

Cuar. XX.) MUSICIANS,

The men were followed by six
female musicians, four playing on
harps, one on the double pipes, and
the sixth on a kind of drum beaten.
with both hands, resembling the
tubbutatill used by Eastern dancing
fre. ae

‘The musicians were accompanied
by six women and nine boys and
girls of different ages, singing and
clapping their hands to the measure.
The first were distingui

by
various head-dresses, Some wore

their hair in long ringlets, some
platted or braided, and others con-
fined in a net.* Ono held her
hands to her throat, as the Arab
and Persian women still do when
they make those ehrill and vibrating
sounds peculiar to the vocal music
of the East. ‘The whole scene, in-
deed, was curiously illustrative of
modern Eastern customs. The mu-
sicians portrayed in the bas-relief
were probably of that class of
public performers who appear in
Turkey and Egypt at marriages,
and on other occasions of rejoicing.

Behind the two Assyrian gene-
rals were cayalry, chariots, led
horses, and armed warriors, forming:
two friezes of considerable beauty,
no less remarkable for the delicncy

of the execution than for the very ~

spirited and correct delineation of
the animals.

* ‘The modern fashion nppears, there
fore, to be but a revival of a very ancient
one, Isaiah inclades “the caps of not-
work" amongst the various articles of
dress of the Jewish women (ch. ill. ¥. 8.,
Rev, Mr. Jones® version),

;
+
|

HBAs leg
Peril pails a i

{OUTHA A) wea on Yo Mb Lew Faw Woe Bicce aLMBOWNLE sees Pa ke esky ing

rowest part and ten in the broadcet, aud fa
to whoro it turned at right angles to the left.
hard lime or plaster f

supported shelves on which the archives and o

* Nicbubr's Thirty-fourth Lecture on Ancient Hi
t No.LX. Plon i.

} In No, XXXVI, some Plan. Soe page 240,
§ Entrance b, No. LX.

.
“

“abenbeery 70 woegna mam eleveng Wieser 29 298

to the assault. The besieged

and stones, but their

of spoil and captives fi

The meen had short, bushy ea

Be hair hung low down their backs,
into one large curl.+

Such were the discoveries mae at Koi
mer. At Nimroud the excavations had been
have already described those parts of the high
of the adjoining small temples which were «

* No. XXXL, 26 by 14 footy and No. XXXIL, 22 vA
+ Plates 19. and 31. of the Monuments of Nineveh, '

Cup, XX] REMOVAL OF THE SCULPTURES. 463

workmen who still remained amongst the ruins, rather to retain
possession of the place than to carry on extensive operations.

I was engaged until the middle of October in moving and pack-
ing bas-reliefs from Kouyunjik ; a task of considerable trouble, and
demanding much time and labor, as the slabs, split into a thousand
fragments by the fire, had to be taken completely to pices, and
then arranged and numbered, with a view to their future restora-
tion.* Nearly a hundred cases containing these remains’ were at
length dragged to the river side, to await the rafta by which they
were to be forwarded to Busrah, where a vessel’ was shortly ex-
pected to transport them to England.

* These bas-reliefs have been admirably put together under the superintend-
ence of Mr, Sumsion of the British Museum.

Cana comraceng Seu prime maty tee Kcoartaa0o

ployed, to trace its course, deeply buried as it
soil,
‘There were still some

were then the resort of parties from the wandering

of provisions or news. In them we found one Awi

of the Fedagha Shammar, who agreed to give us

until we had passed the danger. Placing ane of |

mare, and ordering him to follow us along the banks

he stepped upon my raft, where he spent his time

accounts of wars and ghazous, smoking his pipe

coffee. :
The waters of the Tigris

low to permit our travelling after dark before

plains of Babylonia. As far down as Tekrit:

ally crossed by reefs of rocks, and inti

are now impediments to its free nw

real obstruction to European skill,

the spring months the raftmen float

the night.

mail exacted ey Arab Sheikhs, secretly enoouraged or
the Turkish governors From the most wanton and
neglect, the Tigris and Buphrates, in the lower
are breaking from their natural beds, forming vast
fortile districts into a wilderness, and becoming”
vessels of even the smallest burden.

‘The very high-way from Mosul, and, consequ
capital, to Baghdad, in order to avoid the restless B
along the foot of the Kurdish hills, leaving the ris
days to the journey, and exposing caravans to lo
swollenstreams, Even this road is no longer secure,
negligence and dishonesty that have of late marked ¢l
the Turkish authorities in Southern Turkey have
terruption of this channel of commerce. Many vi
offered a safe retreat and necessary supplies to t1
deserted. By an ancient law of the Turkish empire, a
amongst nearly all the Tatar tribes, a local go
personally responsible for losses from open robbery
way within his jurisdiction. This responsibility has b
and no other remedy substituted by pein ‘Tanzimat,
system. It is, of course, absurd for a native merchant
protection or compensation to the Turkish Governn
redress in a court of law against nomade tribes who
thority and arms of the Sultan.

The direct road to Baghdad from the north
Mesopotamia, and along the banks of the Tigris,
try uninterrupted by a single stream of any size, 0
hill. Whilst caravans are now frequently nearly
their way from Mosul to Baghdad, they would

hovels,

ena
fli

yard, reclining on carpets spread upon «
found Timour Mirza, one of the exiled Persian
surrounded by hawks of various kinds standing
into the ground, and by numerous attendants, eac
on his wrist. Amongst his own countrymen
i ie first place as a sportsman; his |
caravanserais or khans on the high roads be
places aro handsome and substantial edifices.
built by Persian kings, or by wealthy and pious men:
for the accommodation of pilgrims. A large open #9
rally two raised platforms of brickwork for travellers to slo
is surrounded by small apartinents or calla Ss
them, spncious stables for horses run round the wi
these stables, on both sides, are other cells for travellers
chiefly constructed of bricks dug out of the ancient ruins
country. They are usually about six miles opart.

5
iPEsee i

= a8

The Baz and Shah Baz (?Astur palumbarius, the goshawk, and
the Falco lanarius) is remarkable for i
plumage and for its size. It strikes in
and, if well trained, may take cranes and other large

always strikes its quarry on the ground, execpt the eagle, which
it may be trained to fly at in theair. It is chiefly used for gazelles
and bustards, but will also take hares and other game,

‘The bird usually hawked by the Arabs is the middle-sized bus-
tard, or houbara, It is almost always captured on the ground, and
defends itself vigorously with wings and beak against ite assailant,
which is often disabled in the encounter. The falcon is generally
trained to this quarry with a fowl. The method pursued is very
simple, It is first taught to take its raw meat from aman, or from
the ground, the distance being daily increased by the falconer.
When the habit is acquired, the flesh is tied to the back of a fowl;
the falcon will at once seize its nsual food, and receives also the
liver of the fowl, which is immediately killed. A bustard is then,
if possible, captured alive, and uged in the same way. Ina few
days the training is plete, and the hawk may be flown at any

bird ,
este which Easterns take most delight,
: f ery noble and exciting sport,

The Ugeton einer Ute fat)

CHAP. XXII.

TIER CHIEFS OF MILLAN —PRESENT OF LIONS. —TUE SON OF THEE

‘Jup\DNCOvsiIEG [or cen) sideaniee ater oe

‘THE TREE ATHELY, — EXCAVATIONS IN THE RUIN OF AMRAX~- eee
INSCRIPTIONS IN WEDREW AXD SYRIAC CHARACTERS, — TRANSLATIONS OF THE
ANSCKIFTIONS. — THE JRWS OF BAMYLONIA,

Mr first care on arriving at Hillah was to establish
relations with the principal inhabitants of the town as
with the Turkish officer in command of the small g
guarded its mud fort. Osman Pasha, the general,
with courtesy and kindness, and during the remainder
gave me all the help Lcould require, On my first

these exterior fortifications were mere ram
wood, such as are still raised round n

I was compelled, as I have stated, to abandon |

cavating in the Bira Nimroud. This great pile of

palaces (I. ii. ¢. 8).
Stee

f Bal i

SS Tt must be Woe ia mad how mac ancient

taken from it—and there are thousands
bear the name of this king. Tt must,
‘that this fact is no proof that he actually
He may have merely added to, or rebuilt an
although it would appear by the

the north-west palace was originally raised
long before him whose name occurs on the
‘ment, yet not one fragment has been 0
earlier monarch, Buch is the case in oth
is, therefore, not impossible that at some future
remains may be discovered at the Birs,

T will now describe the ruins. Tt must
they are divided into two distinct parte,

* Nabors Tram. p10.

Cuap. XXL] THE BIRS NIMROUD. 497

mains of two different buildings. A rampart or wall, the remains
of which are marked by mounds of earth, appears to haye inclosed
both of them. To the west of the high mound, topped by the tower-
like pile of masonry, is a second, which is larger but lower, and
in shape more like the ruins on the eastern bank of the Euphrates,
It is traversed by ravines and watercourses, and strewed over it are
the usual fragmenta of stone, brick, and pottery. Upon its sum-
mit are two small Mohammedan chapels, one of which, the Arabs
declare, is built over the spot where Nimroud cast the patriarch
Abraham into the flery furnace, according to the common Eastern
tradition. Not having been able to excavate in this mound, I
could not ascertain whether it covers the remains of any ancient
building.

Travellers, as far a3 I am aware, have hitherto failed in
gesting any edtisfactory restoration of the Birs. It is generally
represented, without sufficient accuracy, a a mere shapeless mass.
But if examined trom the summit of the adjoining mound, its out-
line would at once strike any one acquainted with the ruins to the
west of Mosul, described in a former part of this work.* The simi-
larity between them will be recognised, and it will be seen that
they are all the remains of edifiese built upon very nearly, if not
precisely, the same plan. The best published representations of
the Bira Nimroud appear to me to be those contained in a memoir
of that accurate and observing trayeller, the late Mr. Richt I
on rece re rE
storation of the form of the origin: ilding; the present
the mound, as in Mr, Rich's eketch, being in dark outline,

It will be perceived that the mound rises abruptly from the

plain on one face, the

western, and falls to its
_ level by aseries of gra-
dations on the opposite
Such is precisely the
case with the ruins of
Mokhamour, Abou-
Khameers, and Tel
Ermah. Thebrickwork
still visible in the lower
parts of the mound, as

‘Chap, XI.
t Monpix opsilag hed case, 1816), plates 2 and 3.

eit Hebraw letters in the Babylonian
an account of the nature and origin

words are, WORD VOY ANY ANY Te rh
pore rpmipaneeh ocs o st recta i

cries ay fate A it was culti
contrary, it was at Babylon that the Habrew
Janguage, the Jews being compelled, by
tivity, to adopt the Chuldwan, whilst at the:
corrupted by the idolatry and superstitions:
The Chaldwans were formerly famous for
and witcheraft, and there is no doubt but

* Soo the inscriptions. discovered fa reer

‘Transactions," vol xl

Pi aparcriyag reer ponpelaees gett ora to
used on the bowl No. 1.

Cwap. XX JEWISH RELICS. Si

only led away by these Ree but ed fe with them
we find

into their own country; ish captives taken
to Rome by Titus Vespasian, scone ly al ipl tool
Jerusalem, were acquainted with astrology, casting nativities, and
magic. We are told this by Juvenal, the Roman satirist.* It
is worthy of remark, that although the Roman ladies consulted all
sorts of astrologers and soothsayers, such as the Armenians, Jews,
and those of Comagena, the Chaldwans were considered the most
proficient in the art. Thus Juvenal, in describing a Indy who
had consulted cunning men about her nativity, * Chaldats sed
major erit fiducia: quicquid dixerit astrologus, credent a fonte re~
Tatum Ammonis.’ That is, But her chief dependence is upon the
Chaldwan conjurors ; whatever an astrologer of that sort pronounces,
she receives as an answer from Jupiter Ammon. In later times we
find that the practices of magicians in and about Babylon were not
fallen into disuse. Benjamin of Tudela, in his Travels, states that
* Baghdad contained many wise men, and magicians, proficient in
allsorts of witchcraft’ sw so b2a DT DYDwIN ALN b22-$ Itis
customary in many parts of the East at the present day, when a
person is ill whose malady baffles the skill of the ordinary phy-
sician, to send for a magician, who frequently attempts to cure the
patient by writing a charm on ¢rme convenient utensil, such asa
bowl, plate, or bason, and commanding the sick person to put water
into the vessel containing the charm, and to drink it up. Tt seems
highly probable that the bowls from Babylon, now in the British
Museum, have been used for a similar purpose; one, it would
seem, contained some substance like soup, and had never been en-
tirely washed out!

“With respect to the translation I have only to state, that im
many passages it is mere conjecture, for the ink is faded in so
many places that it is quite impossible to decipher two sentences
together; but the difficulty is increased tenfold through there
being no distinction between daleth 1, resh 4, and frequently
lamed$: nor is there any distinction between vav y, zai 7, and
medial nun 2; nor between he 7 and cheth n, and sometimes tan
is written like ehethn. ‘The Syriac inscription on No, 6. has no
distinction whatever between he St and cheth +», 28 may be seen in
the word JAscnSe, for Aroods», and wSo for orXco; but

WIS, of seq Sat. vi vw. 641—546,
14.
+P 105. Heb, text, p. 64,

bir, SELLY JEWISH RELIC. 613

per of the ruler of the night-monstera* I conjure you all, mon-

~+~ both male and female, to go forth. I conjure youand...

c of the powerful one, who bas power over the devils,

i ght-monsters, to quit these habitations. Behold, I now

ow cease from troubliig them, and make the influence of

cease in Boheran of Batnaiup, and in their fields. In

manner as the devila write bills of divorce and give them

F wives, and return not unto them again, receive ye your

divarce, and take this written authority, and go forth, leave

‘and depart from Beheran in Batnaiun, in the name

fing + «+ ++ + » by the seal of the powerful one, and by

of authority. Then will there flow rivers of water in

Tand, and the parched ground will be watered. Amen,
Amen. ¥

our version “a tcreech owl.” But these nocturnal monsters were
LL

‘Cuar, XXILJ JEWISH RELICS. 515

or of the daughter-in-law, or of the mother-in-law, far and near,
whether in the desert or in the city. . . - That fell on his face,
and... . at the knees sf Sour arenes, ond by Dea tut of Lea,
oh ‘the strong foundations of the earth, ‘This amulet
puts an end to Levatia, whether new or old; and guards from the
whisperings of these enchanters, in the name of Batiel and Qatuel,
And by the guardianship of an angel to whom there are eleven
names, SS. BB. H.S. RIH. CCC. ACS. CAS. ID. RIM. HRIH.
TH. OINL HCH. QPH. ANG. PAA. NSC. CSC. ICL
CVV. NHA. IT. . . . And to all who transgress against the
names of this angel, for by these names the captives will be let
free from their captivity, and from every Nidra, Levatto, Patiki,
and Jsarta; as well as from every other evil spirit, the old
one, his son, and his daughter; and every evil enchanter that
causes diseases, and all kinds of sorrow, and all the captives
shall be secure from the enchanters who whisper, every Nidra,
Levatta, and all the diseases which are on the earth, and those
which come from heaven, Observe... the voice... the
earth that . . . and heaven that ... the names from this
world . . . the voice of Hoa cn ab ees meal Be
and was sent to the kings: for he will surely treat us as
and will bring vengeance upon us, and hold us in captivity, will
assuredly .... from... . of the woman of Levatta .
from thy wrord, “that thou mayest not take vengeance upon ue,
nor curse us with a heavier curse than we now suffer. Amen, Amen,
Selah, Amen, Amen, Amen, Amen, Selah, Halleluiah, Halleluiah,
V.V.V. Beware, V.V.V.V. to thyself and to all... .”

INSCRIPTION ON THE BOWL NO. 2. REDUCED TO HEBREW
OHARACTERS,

qovpD Ay PANY ya po pot ant BET MD
iy pm
pat yaw D MI 17 Dad pw jo MOR
syanp 55 ON 72) RNIN INDI "HD P| IND
YAS PYPAD 1 WI a Day RNAP NNANONT 37
yoo mina yon 7 pS Alte DAD} mp, mee qpeAnn 7

516 . NINEVEH AND

Y*D'DN DDD 15 ew DDN
oer xno maton we 192 |
2272 APT Aap) (Apna Nnp
nonaa) ros mas Sys nana
NonNd RENN NID NOPN VIN
Srna Dwa PMD jWED JO ANP
swy tn mo net naxdp N37 N27
sme y Mend NSDIN' 393"
pon Sy says Sod-emsan'5t230'
$2 jornnt woe annow pora7
993 YPN YT NMEA NT NIDIND 1D
939 53) Evin’ 19 raya pw
senoyds a 53. yt a yryaAD 9 1
syas bp Inhow nyo m
Sp noby yn i fxnnply ant:
yp} VD3-d3 PVE NYY NATWwI CNN
ROOT NNYNT 1D DOD 'D 'D ODI’
sos ANTI] SMV NAAyDS [XN By AND
xy pip xo Jaq ply] jw [nian
mon moon ne JON TON TON JOS.
* 925 Crip oy 82911 9

No. 3.
Is an abridgment of No. 2., with some sli
is to be observed, that the word “father” (82%,

in this inscription before “ mother, daughter,” &c.
that the omission of this word in No, 2. was an o
writer.

INSCRIPTION ON THE BOWL No, 3. D
CHARACTERS, —
Mos wnpd) MDFD1 wed pip] *
pron an $5 Nmpisy 9 77 AI
Pypp jo AyD oN Nw 92 99 oD1 NN
ws preywwa Syy ans Sy Ow os

3XU) JHWISH RELICE, S17

S Ap
PAV = Or 9,9)

LES FL RI NEG
ses Saee ee Ge,
Zab S243

Cac tev ata
ARS E
Ure ned aps ~

Re LAS
VE CRG tok
ite

Wo 3 As Barthes insertbet Govt treea Babylon. — Diamewes Claeden, Sopa th iad,

AD_A rs MIHM 39 an Mow nDpM NDNA ADA
§N737 NOM NaNt NNO nM! Kw 92 597 pw
$9375 MPT MAP APA AMw xno NNdST
bys me xnsa HoT new NID72 NOT NNDA NEP
“BPMN Paya) Nod T7121 NID7 INIA) No? TDN
yo Spnym Ren NN amd xoNN> NDINTDONN
wy n> net nN ND-NYDwA PI PAD py|nD
PAN MITDNDD"DArNDDD‘AD NIA"DD nw
Say7 Sadters2w 7 OD DIN NEPIN NBPINA Mew
Nmpid) 972 4D DAM pow pow NNMDw pon by
N72} 722 PT PT NNw'a MM 4D) HMIND'ND >"ND1
JODNT PanD Yo 9D) 91 DD “TayD ‘wa rwIn 421

ues

qn) yor aM 33d
amyo mowds 9 RDP
pwerpen anord mw SP
BYDOD) ND DDI INDI2 959)

No. 4.
«V.V.V.V. Beware of the diseases

the name of Barakicl, Ramiel, Raamiel,
ose aee will take ven,

and
Beware V.V.V.V. ...-
. from now even for [ever]. A
enchanters who gai who pica not far
demons Mois

I agai
pers * and from the nets of .

INSCRIPTION ON THE BOWL NO. 4.

CHARACTERS.
ym N17 737 9a0 ow dy Noy
yD) Maw jo NMS OW yn AAD
13 WIN 1D Dynes wd) MID PA
72) SAMS YL SNMINS Yo NNPINT
Ya SST NNTP HTD WN PL OW

= YOVIVEE 15D marTLox. (cum,
SREIPTUS OF raz BOWL Fo. REDUCED To SYRIAC
CUARACTERS

me Nes es Lan Lk Mer Le Pv] ts
ee ME mecale Fo! ah) Necte 2 ach nalon,
i eh. Tie Laas
“ees er Wate ah tan 5 ad adin
an b= St ee Ra gtass Conk tes
Be EL tee pe Deaton
ee et] Leet ic Tes TJou tho
Se Lise: bestia Ie Ios} [Lod
Meee tl Tr Vaio etal jlo
Se fee oo Le kes) ok.[5] yo.
SS ome SH T= Os} Uv dorf}Jaus
wet sr ce Uri tt. AL ow
22122 be be j,00

SSL SUFTENTS [E OTEE OCEPTIONS ON THE FRAG-
Says

> a Yammy Trem newer cubt sear fevers and diseases, and to
> sweos samt, Sm Snjuecee and treachery ; and will
eee oats 2 tawe wn iz afficcad from the machinations
. esi ce < si sncm Se Se insromentality of this
a a afc tegebeteg opeaeolenloorgr talent a
im smut 1 x marhsy angel, to whom there

ioe eae ea tale axpeeriver and cabalistic names
Raa ee Be mite stirs uf arece lezends, in the same
srarer oe fe mae sews rf Spr Eat and West make their
Soran snes, aot vasst ee nrver ment to be understood by
© oe me ema tevebe AD the fragments, which are
were OY swameees Sesombinr the Palmsrine, finish the
mmarg > Sencmteme ar gent ame: amd genii, as followa] I

ohana “the Bill of Divorce to the Devils* (No. 1.)

be referred to the eecond or third century before Christ,
But tay be of a later period. Others, such ax No. 5. and
‘No. 6. are undoubtedly of a more recent date, and might even

there is an inscription, unfortunately almost destroyed
St ge (ng in that peculiar character still nsed by

and its Remains vol. i. p. 179.) 1 am
Chalice square letters were

‘Phermectie Tabion (men Batyjtun rrpreermsag on Caine Deg

CHAP. XXIII.

STATE OF THE RUINS OF RATION. —CAUSE OF THE DISAPP RA:
INGE. —NATORE OF ORIGINAL EDIFICES, BYLONEAN BHC)
TORY OF BANYLON. —1TS PALI. —1TS REMARKADLE rostTtON.
CANALS AND ROADS,—S51LL OF BADYLONIANS IN THE ANTS. —-XXORAVED
GEM. — CORROTTION OF MAXNERS, AND CONSEQUENT FALL oF TIRE CITY,—
THE MECCA TILGRIMAGE. —SUKIKIL InN RESMID. — THE GHREL SWAMMAR—
“ej OF SOUTHERN MRSOPOTAMIA.——THM MOUNDS OF EL IYMER — oF

| ess were the discoveries amongst the rains of an-
| Babylon, They were far less numerous and important
could have anticipated, nor did they tend to prove that

there were remains beneath the heaps of earth and rubbish which
would reward more extensive excavations, It was not even pos-

ectke sendeaadstoeienmannee
Me g several bricks, it will be seen that the

Se ource

metas ade
inom in that great work fan

a stream that brought to her quays ries
of the temperate highlands of Armonin, approached in one
of its course within almost one hundred miles of the Medi-
| Sarees Gonssa0d emptied ita waters into a gulf of the Indian
Ocean. Parallel with this great river was one scarcely inferior in
| axe md importance. The ‘Tigris, too, eame from the Armenian
Kills, flowed through the fertile districts of Assyria, ond carried
their varied produce to the Babylonian cities, Moderate skill
and enterprise could scarcely fail to make Babylon, not only the
emporium of the Eastern world, but the main link of commercial
intercourse between the East and the West.
‘The inhabitants did not neglect the advantages bestowed upon
thom A system of navigable canals that may excite
of even the modern engineer, connected together
Tigris, those great arteries of her commerce.
showing no common knowledge of the art of sur-
of the principles of hydraulics, the Babylonians took
of the different levels in the plains, and of the periodical
in the two rivers, to complete the water communication be=
of the province, and to fertilise by artificial irri-
otherwise barren and unproductive soil, Alexander,
he had transferred the seat of his empire to the East, eo fully
understood the importance of these great works, that he ordered
them to be cleansed and repaired, and superintended the work in
steering his boat with his own hand through the channela
T have so frequently had occasion to mention them, and to describe
their actual remains, that I will not weary the reader with a further
account of them.
and causeways across the Desert united Syria and
Palestine with Babylonia. Fortified stations protected the mer-
chant from the wandering tribes of Arabia, walled cities served as
resting-places and store-houses, and wells at regular intervals gaye
an abundant supply of water durin, ring the hottest season of the yenr.
One of those highways was carried through the centre of Mesopo-
tamia, and crossing the Euphrates near the town of Anthemusia
Ted into central Syria.* A second appears to have left Babylon by
the western quarter of the city, and entered Idumma, after passing
through the country of the Nabathwans. Others Daas: off to

* Strabo, lib, xvi. 7 ae: Oxf. ed. *
ued

PE “a

ain

glee

(SS

COMMERCE OF BABYLON. 537

a coasting trade might have existed along the
of the Persian Gulf and of the ocenn os far as Indian, yet a
considerable trade was also carried on by land with the
country, through Media, Hyrcania, and the centre of Asia.
was by this road that gold and various precious stones were
supplied to Babylon and Nineveh.
"_Anuce of dogs too, much prized by the Babylonians, was brought
| ftom India. A satrap of Babylon is declared to have devoted the
“fevennes of four cities", to the support of a number of these
“mimals, On a small terracotta tablet in the British Museum,
from Col. Rawlinson’s collection, obtained, L believe, at Baghdad,
Vat probably found in some ancient rain in the neighbourhood, is
| he: os a man leading a large and powerful dog, which has
heen a species still existing in Thibet.t
Tin, oe and various articles, were brought from
| Phenicia and other parts of Syria, which were in return sup~
with the produce of India and the Persian Gulf, through

tou.t
Whilst the Babylonians thus imported the produce of the East
and West, they also supplied foreign countries with many valuable
articles of trade. Corn, which according to tradition first grew
wild in Mesopotamia, and was there first eaten by man, was cul-
tivated to a great extent, and was sent to distant provinces, The
Babylonian carpets, silks, and woollen fabrics, woven or em-
Iroidered with figures of mythic animals and with exquisite
designs, were not lesa famous for the beauty of their texture
and workmanship, than for the richness and variety of their
‘The much-prized Sindones, or flowing garments, were the
work of the looms of Babylon even long after she had ceased to
he acity.§
‘The engraved gems and cylinders discovered in the ruins bear

*® Herod. |. io. 192.

F See wooileut at the head of the chapter. } Exokicl, xxvii. 15.
§ Of the early reputation of the looms of Babylon we may form an idea
from the fict of “a goodly Babylonish garment” (i.e. garmentof Shinar) being
mentioned in the book of ee (vii. 21.) amongst the objects buried by
‘Achan in his tent. Ina curious decree of the time of Diocletian, regulating
the maximum yalue of articles of clothing and food throughout the Roman
sais teveral objects from Babylon are specified. Babylonian skins of the
first quality are rated at 500 denarii; of the second quality at 40; Babylonian
alled mullai, at 120 denarii per pair; and a Babylonian girdle at 100,
Babylonian socks are also mentioned, but the amount at which they were
valued is wanting. ‘This decree was discovered at Eski Hiwar, the ancient
Stratoniceia, in Asia Minor. (See Leake's Asin Minor.)

ample witness to the skill of the Babylonian
of these relics exist in European collections,
dence at Hillab, I was able to obtain several

Dabyoniam Cyilatar wy Rieeive [See oF te Orginal

eut with delicacy and spirit. Six appear to represent for
tives. They are led by a warrior, armed with bow and arr
having on his back a quiver ending in a sharp point like the
of a spear. ‘The prisoners are clothed in robes of skin orfirr.
wears a flat projecting cap, and two of them carry
form of'a pickaxe. The fourth figure seems to be that of;
and the Inst two are smaller in size than the others. |
on his shoulders a table or stool, the other a bag
hooked stick. The letters of the inscription are rudely for
and have not yet been deciphered.
Another interesting gem obtained by me at Babylon is an ag:
cone, upon the base of which is engraved
~~) priest or deity, standing in an attitade of
before a cock on an altar, Above th
is the crescent moon. The Hebrew comm
tors* conjecture that Nergal, the idol of the men
of Cuth, had the form of a cock.
torgtoem tem Jinder in the British Museum there i
almost similar, A priest, wearing the
dress, stands at a table, before an altar 2 0
a smaller altar, on which stands a cock. would
therefore, that this bird was cither worshipped by #

* Selden, De Dis Syris, p. 251.

t “And the men of Cuth made Nergal,” in pati
transplanted after the first captivity. (2 Kings, xvi. 90.) The:
Cuthites was probably in the neighbourhood of Babylon, th
tors have not agreed upon its exact site. Josephus says that
(Antiq. ix. 14.),

XXII) DECAY OF BABYLON, = |

~~ lnc ete nation ; or that it was sacri-
ficed, as in Greece, on the

’ celebration of certain reli-
gious ceremonioa.*

In the last chapter of
this work I shall describe
other engraved gems found
in the ruins of Assyria and
Babylonia, and shall then

= show the use to which they
KA. were applied.
ee ‘The vast trade, that ren-
dered Babylon the
ing-place of men from all parts of the known world, and supplied
her with luxuries from the remotest climes, had at the same time
the effect of corrupting the manners of her people, and producing
that general profligaey and those effeminate customs which mainly
contributed to her fall. The description given by Herodotus of
the state of the population of the city when under the dominion
of the Persian kings, is fully sufficient to explain the cause of
her speedy decay and ultimate ruin.. The account of the Greek
Kistorian fully tallies with the denunciations of the Hebrew pro-
phets against the sin and wickedness of Babylon. Her inha-
bitants had gradually lost their warlike character. When the
Persians broke into their city they were revelling in debauchery
and lust; and when the Macedonian conqueror appeared at their
they received with indifference the yoke of a new master.
Teis ‘not difficult to account for the rapid decay of the country
around Babylon. As the inhabitants deserted the city the canals
‘were neglected. When once those great sources of fertility were
Seat, the plains became a wilderness. Upon the waters
by their channels to the innermost parts of Mesopotamia
eieeed vet aly the harvests, the gardens, and the palm groves,
but the very existence of the numerous towns and villages far
removed from the river banks, They soon turned to mere heaps of
earth and rubbish. Vegetation ceased, and the plains, parched by
the burning heat of the sun, were ere long once again o vast arid
waste.
Such has been the history of Babylon, Her career was equally

* Can this image have any connection with the brazen figure of the bird
gen ree 5's rene: par of is werkt Dalongiog a

EE :

deloul could
eight days; or,
his 1d

oe, their
1 by law at
ts described to meas. powerful, and, for an Arab,
me > an
who had restored security to the country, and

3x1] BABYLONIAN RUINS. 543

with the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar. Although
is solid and firmly bound together, it is not united by
rbite cement like that of the Mujelibé. The same tenacious
that was used for making the bricks has been daubed, as far
Teould ascertain, between cach layer. The ruin is traveracd
the Bira by square holes to admit air.
Around the centre structure are scattered smaller mounds and
pane rout, covered with the usual fragments of pottery,

Opposite to the Mujelibé (or Kasr), on the western bank of the
Enphrates, is a Aili called Anana, and near it a quadrangle
ofearthen ramparts, like the remains of a fortified inclosure. A
Tage mass of brick masonry is still seen in the river bed when
the stream is low. The inhabitants of the village brought mea
fragment of black stone with a rosette ornament upon it, very
ian in character. With the exception of these remains, and

_ Onthe eastern bank low mounds covered with broken pottery

od glass are found in almost every direction. One resembles
another, and there is nothing either in their appearance or in their
contents, a3 far as they have hitherto been ascertained, deserving
of particular description. They only prove how vast and thriving
the population of this part of Mesopotamia must at one time have
been, and how complete is the destruction that has fallen upon this

con a 35
mMlebial

expanse:
the

of dark green, thottled with shadows:
rufiled surface of alake. It seemed as if the

IV.) THR APAIT MARSHES. 553

after sunrise the Sheikh’s own tirada issued from the reeds
oo pacglenge It had rant fncen flch exrpele sith alba
for my reception. The baggage was placed in other
but the unfortunate horses, under the guidance of a party
Arabs, had to swim the stream, and to struggle through
ss they best could. The armed men entered their

us vessels, and we all left the shore together.
| The tirada in which I eat was skilfully managed by two Arba
with long bamboo-poles. It skimmed rapidly over the small lake,
‘then turned into a broad street cut through green reeds rising
| fourteen or fifteen feet on both sides of us. The current, where
had thus been cleared away, ran at the rate of about

( =e an hour, and,as we were going towards the Euphrates,

a, We passed the entrances to many lanes branch-
‘to the right and to the left. From them came black boats
‘with Arab men and women carrying the produce of their
buffalo herds to the Souk or market. As we glided along we oc-
tasionally disturbed flocks of waterfowl, and large king-fishers of
the most brilliant plumage, seated on the bending rushes,watching
their prey. Tho sharp report of the riflo resounded through the
marsh, and the whizzing of the ball occasionally reminded us
that the unseen sportamen were not far distant, though concealed
in the brakes. They were shooting the ducks and geese which

Herds of buffalos here and there struggled and splashed amongst
the rushes, their unwieldy bodies completely concealed under water,
and their hideous heads just visible upon the surface. Occasionally
asmall plot of ground, scarcely an inch above the level of the
marsh, and itself halfa swamp, was covered with huts built of
reeds, canes, and bright yellow mats. These were the dwellings
of the Afaij, and, as we passed by, troops of half-naked men,
‘women, and children igaued from them, and etood on the bank to
gaze at the strangers,

‘The lanes now became more crowded with tiradas. The boat-

The openings in the reeds began to be more nume-

cause} by some evil spirit catching hold of the run or moon. On
eocasions, in Eastern Wipe! the whole population assomntlos with pany
and other equally rude instruments of music, and, with the aid of their Suny
make a dis and turmoil which might saflice to drive away a whole army of
apirila, oven at 90 great a distance.

mats; eoft cushions of figured silk were especially prepared
‘the European guest.

stood at a short distance from the other buts, and
‘acomer formed by two water-streets branching off at right
Tn front of it was the harem of the Sheikh. It consisted of

IBS of them the bazars, consisting af double rows of shops, all
the same: frail materials. So that this Arab town was built
tirely of mats and reeds,

Agab received me in the most friendly manner, and entered
ionce into my plans for excavating, describing the ruins existing
in |. He ordered his people to raise a hut for my
Srvants and the Jebour workmen, and to pitch my tents in the open

into graceful arches, and the cabin duly covered in. As
adwelling place, however, the small island on which the Sheikh
of the Afaij had thought fit to erect his moveable capital was not
the most desirable in the world.. Had the Euphrates

sudden fiood we should have been completely under

the place was little better than a swamp, and
to be actually below the level of the streams that

us. We were, at the same time, far distant from the

-and much time would be lost in going backwards and for-
every day. I proposed, therefore, to the Sheikh to en-
gamp under the mound of Niffer itself, and to live there during

every thing within twenty-four hours, and perhaps be killed in
the bargain, by the Bedouins who were wandering over the Desert,

or by the neighbouring tribes, who were all in open rebellion
eon the Sultan. If even by a miracle we escaped these enemies,
it would be utterly im to avoid a still greater danger in the
ding and evil spirits who swarmed after dark amongst the ruins:
No Amb would pass a night on the mounds of Niffer. To
complete the sok petiigy thea wereld ante’ without dati
‘Our horses first, and then we ourselves, would be devoured by the
Tions, which Jeave the marsh after sunsct in search of prey. It
was useless to contend against thie array of evile, and the only
real gouree of apprehension, that from the Arab. tribes, not

‘Sse
eee teat

—y

xxIV,] EXCAVATIONS AT NIFFER, 657

a de prions I could not ascertain the origin
hich must be connected with some ancient tradi-
that within it is still preserved a ship
with the same precious metal. Beneath the cone
misonry of sun-dried and kiln-burnt bricks protrudes from the
fies of the ravines. The bricks are generally smaller in di-
mensions than those from Babylon, and long ond narrow in
iy of them are stamped with inscriptions in the
character, containing the name of a king and of

Babylonian
the city.*
My workmen were divided into gangs, or karkhancha, as they

omains, and were, probably, en built at a a
Tecent period above the more ancient ruins,
Daring the two subsequent days we found many vases and jars
of earthenware, some glazed and others plain. With these relics
was a bowl, unfortunately much broken, covered with ancient
Hebrew characters, similar to those discovered at Babylon, and
described in a previous chapter. Frmgments of similar vessels
were afterwards dug out of the ruins,
On the mound of Niffer, as on other ruins of the same
in this part of Mesopotamia, are found numerous frag-
ments of highly-glazed pottery, of a rich blue color, but very
coarse and fragile in texture. Iwas at a loss to conjecture the
nature of the objects of which they had originally formed part,
until, on the fourth day of the excavations, a party of workmen
‘uncovered a coffin or sarcophagus, of precisely the same material,
Within it wore human remains, which crumbled to dust almost as
#00n1 as exposed to the air, The earthenware was so ill-burat, and
* Col, Rawlinson (Outlines of Assyrian History, p. 16.) reads the name of
the city ‘Tel Anu, und endeavors to identify it with the Telani (Ted)
of perenne according to that geographer, of the
ying sopeel Kings before the building of Nineveh,

DISCOVERIES AT NIFFER. 561

with earth long before a people, afterwards inhabiting the
could have buried their dead above them.

have been a city at Niffer during the early cen-

+ and it may be conjectured that it was built

fant ithe foundations and walls of buildings, As the cofina
m Wurka are precisely of the same nature as those from Niffer,
re is every reaton to believe that they belong to the same period.
g examined those ruins, I am unable to state whether
tery is above any ancient edifices, or whether the whole
Biaeet, w has been asserted", consists from top to bottom of
h ‘eleo but piled up coffins,
part of the mound, ina kind of recess or small chamber
| @ brick masonry, was discovered a heap of pottery of a yellow
ilor, very thin and fragile, much resembling that still made
ete hot weather. pp eli cups
entire. em were fragments les, ji
and other veascls; and several bighly glazed or enamelled dishee
These relics appeared to be of the same period as the earcophagi,
number of coarse jars or urns, some nearly six feet high,
were dug out of various parts of the mound. They contained
boues of men and animals, and their mouths had been carefully
elosed by a tile or brick plastered with bitumen,
Although many deep trenches were opened inthe rains, and
in the conical mound at the north-east corner, no other re-
mains or relics were discovered. With the exception of a few
massive foundations, and the bricks bearing a cunciform euper-
IT much doubt whether anything found at Niffor was
truc Babylonian period. The Arabs have a story that
fist Bac sume ext once ine ruins. I had once

as _ eearaertre gia (Outlines of Assyrian History, p. xvi.) that, “at
‘are probably to be sought the tombs of the old Assyrian kings, which
of curiosity to Alexander.” I cannot agroe with this suggestion,
with his identification of Wurka with the Ur of the Chaldces, from
Abraham went into Palestine, an identificntion it seems to me op-
irekch all biblical and historic testimony, and founded upon a mere tradition,
‘there are s thousand similar current in the country, It has bees
that Niffer and Wurka may have been ot some period tho public
of Babylon. This may have been the case with regard to Wurka,

it must always be borne in mind that the coffins are found above ruins,

he oo

Cuar, XXIV.) RELICS FROM WURKA. 563
ornaments in metal, and engraved gems, had beem obtained by

Foa{mnant af aajrnred Gell, tiem Wark,

that gentleman during his ehort residence among the ruins.
They are now in the British
Museum. Amongst them, and
deserving particular notice, aro
the fragments of a shell *, on which
are engraved the heads of two
horses, apparently part of a subject
representing a warrior in his cha-
riot, The outline upon them isnot
without spirit, but they are prin-
cipally remarkable for being almost
identical with a similar engraved
shell found in an Etruscan tomb,
and now in the British Museum,
This is not the only instance, as it
has been ecen, of relics from As-
syria and Etruria being of the same
character, — showing a close con-
nection between the two countries
either direct, or by mutual inter-
course with some intermediate na-
tion, The inscribed clay tablets
have been conjectured by Colonel
" 4 Rawlinson to be orders upon the

Neen tirergnesees ers Babylonian treasury for payment,

* This shell is tho Tridacna squamosa,
oot

—y

THE AFAIJ ARAB 567

dispatch the astonished beast at his leisure with the pistol
holds in his left band.

Arabs declare that a smmall animal, called » « Nees,” watch
fu: w-trec, will spring upon the lion's buck) and
every attempt of the infuriated animal to shake it off,
RAL the pod of its victim until it expires. Ido not know
the origin of this tale, which is no doubt a mere fiction; I have
frequently, however, met Arabs who have sworn that they have

‘etually seen the Nees on the lion.
~ In the jungles are also found leopards, Iynxes, wild cats,
Wolves, hyenas, jackals, deer, porcupines, boars in vast numbers,
‘and other animals. Wild fowl. cranes, and bustards abound, and
that beautifal game-bird the francolin, or black partridge, swarms
inthe low brushwood. The Arabe shoot them with ball. The
marshes are full of fish, which attain a considerable size. They are
thiefly, I believe, a kind of barbel. ‘Their flesh is coarse and full
SE bones, but thoy ‘afford the Arabs a. constant supply of food.
They are generally taken by the spear.
Wlthough the inhabitants of the marshes recognise some of the
laws of the Bedouins, they are wanting in many of the virtues of
e Arabs of the Desert. They have, however, several customs
Telating to the duties of hospitality, which are rigidly adhered to.
say of a Maidan “that he has sold bread,” is to offer him the
of insults, To part with a loaf for moncy is accounted
an act bringing disgrace not only upon the perpetrator, but upon
iis whole family. I found this peculiar custom exceedingly in-
convenient during my residence amongst the Afaij. Sheikh Agab
insisted upon giving daily to my large party their supplies of bread ;
and it was impossible to obtain it in any other manner. Even
its eale in the public market was forbidden, I was, at length,
‘compelled to send to a considerable distance for flour, and then
to employ my own workmen in baking it. The same seruplea’ do
‘not exist with regard to other articles of food. They are scold
in the bazar, asin all Eastern towns.
~ Every encampment and collection of huts, however small, be-

Sead

4 i
Hi

their mat huts, and to seek, in their light

‘ toga

1st chapter of hia Decline and Fall, has, with Bis axusl
capture and plunder of Cuion He thas mentions

we XXIV) ARRIVAL AT BAGHDAD. 573

Thad but just strength left me to reach the gates of Baghdad.
Qmo in the city, under the friendly care of Dr. Hyslop, I soon
Tovered my health, and was ready to start on fresh adventures,

teplete, the uppearance so real, that T could scarcely believe some mighty
ofits) had not been by magic transported into the Desert, ‘There was scarcely
‘ivone or a bush to account for this singular phenomenon,

Cuar. XXV.] RETURN TO MOSUL. 675
to the Arabs. Under these circumstances, and for other reasons,

Tdecmed it prudent to give up for the time the excavations in

nication with the sons of
temper still kept him apart i
the iter with anoles Eaaalt of the Giha bx Oe ta
of Tekrit. It was suspected that he had been privy to more than
one successful attack on the Turkish post, and on certain treasure
conyoys belonging to the government. His tents and those of his
friends had been wantonly fired upon by a party of Turkish
soldiers floating down the river on a raft, and it was only natural
that he should take his revenge, The roads between Baghdad
and Mosul were completely closed by bands of Bedouins, who
Bane eth caravan Lrettorae Vanes their reach,

ijwell had accompanied their father
Balen ‘The latter bial been aevonetihe seu
Although the Shammar had laid waste
dered the sedentary tribes belonging bela
dad, the government was not sufficiently s1
against them. The Pasha, indeed, was
rid of these troublesome visitors, and to
return to the north, by sending them boats to cross the marshes
and great canals. Had these natural barriers been defended by
a few armed men, the Bedouins would have been caught in a trap,
and must haye shortly yielded to the Turkish authorities, for they
ee

As Sahiman was journeying northwards with the rest of his
tribe Bec ta aie ean a ae oe ee
tection the direct track to Mosul through the Desert and along the
western bank of the Tis He at once consented to escort me,
only stipulating that I should obtain permissi

Hedssty nie

ee ru
ta

ur
B alt:

s
all HG

eae
=e ar

pasnd ata te

xxv) KADAM sHERonaT. 581

Ms student in a college. He became a Mullah, and had almost
hisearly friends, when the tribe, driven by a famine from
desert, croesed the Euphrates, and encamped near the
fe bay corm The Gayehish, their Shcikh, hearing by
that the fugitive was still alive, and now a member of the
Pristhood, sent a messenger to him to sy, that since he had
" uitted his tents his father had died, and had left a certain number
Oe hs alvted to ben had boos trie ete Vong a
‘Those allotted to him had been in the safe keeping of the
» The chief was now ready to do

the as their rightful owner might direct.
“Mr. Rassam had, at my request, sent a party of Jebours to

j ruins,

by a wild rocky valley, called Wadi Jchannem, the Valley of Hell.
We crossed it and the hills in about three hours and a half, and
game suddenly wpon the workmen, who, of course, took us for
Bedouin plunderers, and prepared to defend themselves, They had
‘opened trenches in various parts of the great mound, but had
made no discoveries of any importance, and I am inclined to doubt
whether an edifice containing any number of scul or ingorip-
tions ever existed on the platform. Fragments of a winged bull in
the alabaster of the Nineveh palaces, part of a statue in black stone
with a few cuneiform characters, and pieces of a lange inscribed slab
‘of copper, were, it is true, found in the ruins; but these remaing
were scarcely sufficient to warrant the continuation of the exeaya-
tions on a spot eo difficult of access, and exposed to so much risk
from the Desert Arabs. I collected the fragments of a large in~
scribed cylinder in baked clay*, and a copper eup, a fow vases in
common pottery, and some beads, which had been taken from
tombs similar to thoze before opened on the mound.

‘We encamped in the jungle to the north of the ruins, and were
‘visited by fifteen men of the Albou Mohammed, who frankly con-
fesseil that they were thieves, out on their yocation. As the tribe
does not bear a very good character for honesty, and as it might
have struck our guests that they had no need of going further to
fulfil the object of their journey, we violated the duties of hos-

given by me to the British Maseum. It haa boon only partly restored, and

‘the inscription, which appears to be historical, has not yet been deciphered.
rea

E> 3 ‘SX¥EVEH ASD BABYLOX. (Cuar. xxv,

I cpherei Se J2teurs = lesve Kabh Sherghat, and to retum
wow p Mes We new savelled through a country which] hare
Yer aecchei* Apirxhooe with his Jebours were encamped
in Se at years Jezmé He came out with his horsemen to

Se oom scr: of de Kivarah, and galloped the following

Me Sei. why nat teem sent to Asevria by the Trustees of the
Sera Mow :: smrceed Mr. Cooper as artist to the expedition,
Sat gctrai noche ss2 two dar before. I rode with him witl
mer fear 3: Rear 2 examine the excavations made during

ae Sesertbe the sculptures uncovered whilst
acter my return to Mosul, previous to my

“Ta ce wire 3¢ Set rex centre hallt four new chambers had
een eves: ‘Thr dox + war 96 feet by 23. On its walls were
sepeesence che secacx o€ a2 Assvrian army from war, with their
spur captives ani cae The prisoners were distinguished bya
sag sara: Sack a= che cop, mot unlike the Phrygian bonnet re-
wersnd, siet oraiss and a bevad belt. The women had long curls
Suing veer cet eiSers, Sul Sere chithed in fringed robes, The

4 sere! ibe wore a simple fillet round their

. ad a eross-belt round their breasts,
At their backs they carried a quiver
crasneat. The captives bore small squares,
ie, = which, from their apparent
weight, were probably meant
to represent ingots of gold, or
seme other metal. Their beasts
of burden were laden with the
same objects. A kneeling
camel, receiving its load, was
designed with considerable
truth and spirit The legs
bent under, the tail raised,
the foot of the man on the
neck of the animal to keep it
+ Novervt and ies Remains vol. ii ch. xii

* Na NIX, Taal < No. XLII. same Pian.

ap. XXV.] SCULPTURES AT KOUYUNJIK. 583

om rising, whilst a second adjusts the burden from behind, form a
roup seen every day in the Desert and in an Eastern town. The
amel saddle, too, nearly resembled that still used by the Arabs.

Captives resung (ouyunyinl,

The women rode on mules, and in carts drawn by these animals and
sometimes by men. Asses and waggons bore caldrons, and sacks,
probably containing corn, One bas-relief represented captives rest-
ing ; two unharnessed mules stood eating their barley in front of
the loaded cart ; a woman seated on a stone held her child upon
her knees, whilst her husband drank water from a cup.

This chamber opened at one end into asmall room *, 23 feet by
13. On its walls were represented a captive tribe, dressed in
short tunics, a ekin falling from their shoulders, boots laced up in
front, and cross-bands round their legs ; they had short, bushy hair
and beards,

In the outer chamber two doorways opposite the grand en-

(Captives in a Cart (Roupunyiht

trances into the great hall, led into a parallel apartment, 62 feet
by 16 feet.t On its walls was represented the conquest of the

* No, XLIV. Plan I. t No. XLVI. same Plan.
Pra

count of the Afaij

atts om 9 Mtamis ba Buttons Merrpubacnes Reupandtht, r

7 als ecale beetle the Afaij tribes,
Parorhed ost tta dey etd outage toe aot as -
SPUN tn of te Mellwwe sepcoomte’ ths aan
second nation, whose men were clothed in long garments, and
women wore turbans, with veils falling to their fect. The
had plundered their temples, and were seen carrying

* See also Plate 27, of the il series of the Moouments of Nineveh

— -

RXV.) SCULPTURES AT KOUYUNJIE. 587

the prisoners, and the heads ofthe slain. Above him was
following short epigraph, commencing with his name and title,
T have omitted, as they were written in the usual form."

fe EY eT HERO FA TO
Ell -=V) -if MN ~Wk) SSeS)
EY is <I ~My EY Et I< 11S

This inscription appears to read, “ Sennacherib, king of the
tountry of Assyria, the spoil of the river Agawmi, from the city
of Sakrina” (the Inst line not interpreted). Although the name
of this city has not yet been found, as far as I know, in the re-
cords on the bulls and on other monuments of the same king,
yet the mention of the river enables us to recognise in the bas-
reliefs a representation of part of the campaign, undertaken by
Sentiacherib, in the fourth year of his reign, against Susubira the
Chaldean: whose capital was Bittul, on the sume stream. Al-
though the river itself has not as yet be identified, it is evidently

(Cheat wlth erent MEA nde (Eowyn

¢itaer a part of the Tigris or Euphrates, or one of their conflu
near the Persian Gulf. We have no difficulty, indeed, in d

* Sce Plate 28. of the Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series.
+ One charactor is wanting at the end of cach line,
+ See ante, page 145.

uae. XXV,]

ROMAN DENARII. 591.

standards, Another has on one side the head of the Emperor Maxi-

‘Cou of Maeminue, snuck a: Nissen

minus, and on the reverse
a naked figure holding an
object resembling a bull’s
head in one hand, with the
legend COL. NINIVA
CLAVD. It would appear
from these coins that Clau-
dius, who established many
colonies in the East, was the
founder of one called after
him Niniva Claudiopolis.*
As buildings thus appear
to have been erected at
various times on themound,
we accordingly find in the
rubbish remains of various
periods, Whilst excava-

ting the Assyrian palace, we came upon many foundations ac-
tually constructed of fragments of sculpture from that edifice,
which had evidently been broken for the purpose from the slabs
panelling the walle. Amongst the relics occasionally brought to
me by the workn en were a few fragments of pottery, and coins,

Peptment (fata Peters from
tan Bog) PUMA Of Be

and ill-cut gems with inscriptions in the
Pehlevi character, of the time of the
Sassanian kings of Persia, that is, from
the first half of the third to the seventh
century after Christ. Of the Roman
period we have terracotta figures and
lamps, and a hoard of eighty-nine silver
denarii of the Emporors Vespasian, Titus,
Domitian, Trajan, Antoninus Pius, Mar-
cus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, Commodus,
and Septimius Severus, according to the
dates on the coins themselves, from a. v.
74 to A.D. 201. Mr. R. Stuart Poole,

* There is a Greek coin, bearing on the obverse a female head wearing a
turreted crown, and, on the reverse, the legend ATOTZIEQN T(«») MPOX TO(.V)

KANPON, surrounding a palm branch and an arrow.
‘This coin was first assigned by Millingen (Anc,
Uned. Coins, Lond. 4to. 1837, p. 82.) to Atusia,
which, being near the Caprus, or lesser Zab, was
not far from Nineveh. ‘The symbo of the ar-

work: was
Since

| canxxv) ASSYRIAN RELICS, 595

oO aadlenl prsiege ‘One fragment of this nature is
Egyptian hicroglyphs, characteristic, according to

“of the time of the Ptolemies.®

i syrian relics obtained from the ruins, the most interesting are
colossal beardless head in limestone, remarkable for the beld-

“ness of the style. Itis, probably, part-of a lion-sphinx.t

Handles in the form of the heads of lions, and other fragments

of vases and dishes,
A fragment of striped marble, carved with figures in relief,

it bearing an inscription with the genealogy and titles of Ezsar-

gold ear-ring adomed with pearls, resembling thoee etill in
tommon use amongst Arab women.
_A rade circular vessel in limestone, ornamented on the outside
with figures in relief of
the Assyrian Hercules
struggling with the lion.
Moulds. for casting
earrings and other orna~
ments in gold and silver.
‘The forms upon themare
all purely Assyrian, as
the lion-headed deity,the
cone, the bull's head, and
the sacred signe eeen in
the Nimroud sculptures

"+ The following are Mr. Birch’s remarks upon this relic: “ A shallow dish of

eae ernn i es i ns eg
been engraved round the dish,

Se hg el pr nae roth ion
It was made, On examination this does not appear

‘work. inal sion inh mil Hp. nae th ar

‘fun SA, a mode of writing which does, indeed, occur on aome of the tablets of

oo aliaredniiem ‘The usual square mat is also written in an unusual

suanner, the top being rounded, which does not occur in any Egyptian inscrip~

‘tion, and seems to show that it was imitated from the Egyptians by other artists

‘than ‘Treannot be much earlier than the time of the Persians, and

‘vases of this style appear to have come into use about the commence-

Peas tie Sth seer (660:3.2), ‘as would appear from that inscribed with

aan Brita Museu, N pSeeens ei peso See

eapcazes HUSH
ei

Teeraniea Yom tom Kougaeces Moulder 0:60 a8 Stray Barnes, tes Mistroed

Meus for Goi wad Mver Bar cimds, froma Kou yranite nod Samezed

=_—

a a

VITA Moly
ie aN athe :

Paha ie
CRM

DOE te the tam
aL YW,
bia Cae
TAT aacmie |
yay "DY site othe tim

Cuay, XXV.] ASSYRIAN CYLINDERS. 603

in different specimens, that of some being of considerable sharpness
and delicacy, and that of others so coarse as acarcely to enable
us to recognise the objects engraved them, . The subjects are
generally either religious or Tistorical, nevally the former, and on
many are short inscriptions in the cuneiform character. These cy-
linders belong to several distinct periods.* The most ancient with
which I am acquainted are those of the time of the kings who
built the oldest edifices hitherto discovered at Nineveh. Col. Raw-
linson states, that on one recently found in the ruins of Sheree!
Khan are the names of two of the predecessors of the early
Nimroud king. If such be the case, which I am mther inclined to
doubt, we have proof of the antiquity of this specimen. From
the similarity of the subjects, and of the style of art between them

Ancank Buryrive Cylinder te Serpention

and the sculptures in the north-west palace at Nimroud, I have
ventured to assign others collected by me to the same period.
Nearly all the cylinders of thia class are cut in serpentine, and
the designs upon them are generally rude and coarsely engraved.
The subjects’ are usually the king in his chariot discharging
his arrows against a lion or wild bull, warriors in battle, the
monarch or priests in adoration before the emblem of the deity,
the eagle-headed god, winged bulls and lions, and other mythic
animals, accompanied by the common Assyrian symbols, the sun,
the moon, the seven stars, the winged globe, the sacred tree, and

* For engravings of cylinders obtained during the excavations, soe the 2nd
series of tho Monuments of Ninoveb, Plate 69. Mr. Cullimore has published
a number of similar gems from various collections.

bees

, XXV.) ENGRAVED CYLINDERS. 605

Tndian breed suckling 2 calf, an Assyrian emblem, which
amongst the ivory carvings discovered at Nimroud.*
‘The pure Babylonian cylinders are more commonly found in
collections than the Assyrian. They are usually en-
grived with sacred figures, accompanied by a short inscription
in the Babylonian cuneiform character, containing the names of
the owner of the seal and of the divinity, under whose particular
frotection he had probably placed himself. They are usually cut
tha red iron ore or hematite, which appeara to have been a favorite

tnaterial for such objects. Many specimens, however, are in agate,
jasper, and other hard substances. Amongst the most interesting
cylinders of this kind obtained by me is that in spotted sienite

described in a previous chapterf, and one in green jasper, re-
markable for the depth of the intaglio and spirit of the design, re~
presenting the Assyrian Hercules contending with « buffalo, and

* A similar group is seen in « bas-relief ut Khorsabad, Botts, pl. 141.
+ See p. 535.

—y

ENGRAVED CYLINDERS. 607

other a man in the act of worship. Of the Persian epoch
it ing example exists in the same collection. On it is
wed the king contending with a winged human-headed bull
griffin benoath the image of the god Ormuzd. The first word
the inscription is pure Hebrew, onn, Katham, “the seal,” and
follow the names of a man and of his father, which I am not

to decipher satisfactorily.

Persian cylinders frequently bear an inscription in the cuneiform
character peculiar to the monuments of the Achwmenian dynasty.
‘The most interesting specimen of this class is the well-known gem
of green chalcedony in the British Museum, on which is engraved
King Darius in his chariot, with his name and that of his father.
‘This was probably a royal signet. Another, in the same collection,
leurs the name of one Arsaces, who appears to have boon a cham-

Fermase: Oplindors

berlain, or to have held some other office in the Persian cou
The device represents the god Typhon (?) t full-faced, holdin

* The inscription reads, “ Arshaka niima AthiyAbushana ;” “ Arsaces by
the chamberlain” (?).
t Represented on Egyptian monuments.

(Clay Tabien wets Cyacber,isepraseet, tren Kauirungch,

‘ed upon a metal axis, a8 Mr, Landseer conjectured *, likew

len rolling-stone. ‘
luch then were the objects of sculpture and the smaller relics
id at Nimroud and Kouyunjik. 1 will now endeavour to con-
‘to the reader, in conclusion, a general idea of the results of the
| :

Hstieen (Beserrabes: 775 awork which, with much useless speculation,
sins many ingenious conjectures.

—y

discovered in Assyria. His records, however, with other

furnizh the names of five, if not seven, of his prede-

some of whom, there is reason to believe, erected palaces

and originally founded those which were only rebuilt by

monarchs.* It is consequently important to ascertain

tho period of the accession of this early Assyrian king, and we ap-
have the menns of fixing it with sufficient accuracy. His

‘on, we know, built the centre palace at Nimroud, and raizod the

" delisk, now in the British Museum, inscribing upon it the principal

| events of his reign. He was a great conqueror, and subdued many
distant nations. The names of the subject kings who paid him tri-
teteare duly recorded onthe obelisk, in some instances with sculp-
tured representations of the various objects sent. Amongst those

ings wasone whose name reads “ Jchu, the son of Khumri (Omri),”
who has been identified by Dr. Hincks and Col. Rawlinson
with Jehu, king of Isracl. This monarch was certainly not the
fon, although one of the successors of Omri, but the term “* con of”
to have been used throughout the East in those days, as
it still is, to denote connection generally, cither by descent or by
tacccssion. Thus we find in Scripture the exmo person called
“the son of Nimshi,” and “the son of Jehosaphat, the son of
Nimshi.”+ An identification connected with this word Khumri or
Omri is one of the most interesting instances of corroborative
evidence that can be adduced of the accuracy of the interpreta-
tions of the eunciform character. It was observed that the name
of a city resembling Samaria was connected, and that in in-
jions containing very different texts, with one reading Beth
Khbomri or Omri.t This fact was unexplained until Col. Raw-
Tinson perceived that the names were, in fact, applied to the same
or one to the district, and the other to the town, Samaria
haying been built by Omri, nothing is more probable than that
—in accordance with a common Eastern custom — it should have
been called, after its founder, Beth Khumri, or the house of Omri.§

EXEVE) ASSYRIAN HISTORY.

Compare 2 Kings, xx. 16. and 2 Kings, ix. 2.

‘Sargon is called on the monuments of Khorsabad, “the conqueror of Sa
‘maria and of the circuit of Beth Kbumri.” (Dr, Hincks, Trans. of the R.
Trish Acad. vol. xxii.)

Onsri “bought the hill Samaria of Shamar for two talents of silver, and

‘on the hill, and called the name of the city which he built after the name
of Shamar, owner of tho hill, Samaris." (1 Kings xvi. 24.)

unas

EEE

¥ “gic

cylinder pre~
9 tho British Museum.f Like his father he was a
‘and he styles himeelf in his inscriptions

an interesting note on this subject in Rich's Narrative, vol. ii. p.128.
, Museum Series, p.20—29,, and also on a fragment of a similar

623

TABLE OF ROYAL NAMES.

Cuar, XXVI.]

‘soured osm Jo mdysosmrexy om Jo uoTesossod ut jou Urey 4.
“H SUPT IC % Soqproooe yory—y pore sy uosMTpATy Jo) 0} Saypuocoe Suypwas oy,

(Burpososd jo wog)

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Wat HY te
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ky A DBL = tet

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“yoaoutNy Woy KUOTdiosuy 94} UI SONTY NVINASSY JO SARVN—TI WIAVL

623

TABLE OF ROYAL NAMES,

Car, XXVI.]

ssouretr asom Jo eydqomrery om Jo wormomod UT jou Urey 4
*H ‘SyoUy EY “Aq 0% Sarpsoooe yeyy—y poyrwar st uosuyAvy *[oD 07 Surpuoooe FuIpwos OV, «
Ck + [4e= =) »)
(Barpooasd yo wos) WL +] 4+< -b- EOE)
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(a) Aeporo nyeaY Kt bh EE»
Proscar ‘sovpeg
“MN oxy 07 “e701 F
‘oa 0001 | ‘uonduosay prepumg} — (xx) “T yosjommepy (83 by HOP He) RAED
ueqy | (x) (1) snowpromssose yy Juospues pu os sq yo esoqg : Bury sry
“poosoyg mousy sopuytdd Y | (47) (4) puduoyopzeyg | | aopjog ‘aosurpwey [ouojog 0 Furpscooe ‘souren omy,
-vp ‘a9
-quy umraug, f pnosantyy avery
yo punow jo qwon [(H)eNUTWHE-Teq-qemNGS
‘Oa cert | uy sofdmey, mos equig | (u) Ey-qoq-seqquay iss W& Mlle Yb JE dee
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ROUT

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(yy) a

ped (meyon Heyy

OE A NA ION Ss TT.

Aaa UU A Ly 3
DD = te

= WG A

wiley >4

Ik dss <b sills

kot Bb be
Tt CM ok ie, See
(ie a
doy

“oy

Hp Mee

TABLE OF ROYAL NAMES, 625

» Cuan, XXVIJ

weepi0qy ploy Jo

uorssossod ur ‘onoyg o8ig | (H) (1) Topeqyeqsrareng Lex $33 Yaeg's Le a 1
(—l ee A AS 0)
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(Lex 33 SHES =< 20)
seers fsnan x, waneN (Sarpeoaad yo uog) = Pe)
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(Sapo owog)_| SF Us ral $69 Ulex [T= k=)
‘O'a 204 ‘oy ‘yyfunknoy, quoqosuneg liz> 1 +8 >» 41
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“adyor jo oye .Prrm9 Oo AL “Baypees permoefe0y “MopoEITAD UOJOUND Uy CUTE
———ovrTETEOrTEOs Ss eee

(Cur.XXVL] TABLE OF ROYAL NAMES, COUNTRIES, ETC. 627

Na Curmrrone. Hesaew.
Hath .. -. «| YE EY EET |= ney
Hittites (the) .. «|W EEY 3] ning
tree GER HT] ie
Sido. EEN OY NY BE rs
Gm. 2. oe TC HIS I= my
Ho... EQ EQ Sf ~4Y py
Matson... JER CY EN ET pes
Amd... | QI BY EN is
Gabel (the people of} T2~t >>-TS Tf FETT 28
lebanon... os EYE oY LY m32
Wort OTB IIe Ed] OTP
Eyphrates 2. «| 1 ~YY- (or AL XY) ne
Curchemish .. 1 rs eM wn372
Teas or Gata} "EV 733 or Wan
fama .. .. ../ EEN ,4Y ™
Ue. we LEME BEY (or WEY EID He
Goran (the people of) YY HF ><T VF HE) "
Mesopotamia .. .. Ey ef

(niter 4] Qo FE ~Md))
Children of Eden «| S5 YP pe (2) wen
Tigris [oe ome oh Aa EM) 227
Nineveh... ..) EY) SEY (or Se mb YP) my

(Omar. xxv1.

KEXEVER AXD BABYIOX.

ca ‘The names of Babylon ana Nineveh are found im waxivas other forms,

Cuar, XXVI.]

TABLE OF GODS. 629

TABLE III.—Names of the Tararzen Great Gone or Assynta, as they
cour on the upright tablet of the King, discovered at Nimroud,

12.

13.

EY
(rm) rsh)

eae ie
ob EN Wt

Grok -Il =I

oh td

oot 2
(or =>} EMM)

Loh ait

( <)
ah ot

ot El
eat Cw)
(ok EI x)

Asenvr, the King of the Circle
of the Great Gods.

‘xv, the Lord of the Moun-
tains, or of Foreign
Countries,

San.

Merovacu (1 Mars).

Yav (1 Jupiter).

Bar.

Nezo (1 Mercury).

(1) Mylit (or Guls), called the
Consort of Bel and the

Mother of the Great
Gods (1 Venus).

(1) Dagon.

Buz (1 Saturn) Father of tho
Gods.

Suamasi (the Sun).

Isnrar (the Moon).

stated to have sent to Thothmes ITI., in his fortieth year, a tribute

:
I

a
the fifteenth century a kingdom, known by the name
Assyria, with Nineveh for its capital, bad been established on

ires or relics have yet been found which we can safely attri-

to that period; future researches and a more complete exa-

mination of the ancient sites may, however, hereafter lead to the
of earlier rcmains.

Aa I have thus given « general sketch of the contents of the in-

it may not be out of place to make a few observations

é.

upon the nature of the Assyrian records, and their importance to
the study of Scripture and profane history, In the first place,
the care with which the events of each king’s reign were chro-
nicled is worthy of remark. They were usually written in the
form of regular annals, and in some cases, as on the great mono-
liths at Nimroud, the royal progress during a campaign appears to
Teave been described almost day by day. We are thus furnished
with an interesting illustration of the historical books of the Jews,
‘There is, however, this nmrked difference between them, that
whilst the Assyrian are nothing but a dry narrative, or
4 Probably the Hittites in northern Syria, near the Bupbrates,

‘in the campaigns of the Nimroud king. p- 354.

(aap, XXVT] POLITICAL STATE OF ASSYRIA. 633

‘ag exclaimed Hezekiah to Isaiah, when the prophet reproved
for his pride, and foretold the captivity of his sons porn the
‘dstruction of his kingdom"; a prophecy which none would have
“died utter in the presence of the king, except, as it
‘would appear by the story of Jonah, he were a stranger. It ean
marcely, therefore, be expected that any history other than bare
thronicles of the victories and triumphs of the kings, omitting all
to their reverses and defeats, could be found in Assyria,

— rolls or books still to exist, as in Egypt, beneath

ruins.
~ It is remarkable that the Assyrian records should, on the whole,
be #0 free from the exaggerated forma of expression, and the
magniloquent royal titles, which are found in Egyptian docu-
ments of the same nature, and even in those of modern Eastern
sovercigns. Ihave already pointed out tho internal evidence of
their-trathfulness so far as they go. We are further led to placo
confidence in the statements contained in the inscriptions by the
very minuteness with which they even give the amount of the
spoil; the two registrars, “the scribes of the host,” as they are
called in the Biblet, being seen in almost every bas-relief, writing
down the various objects brought to them by the victorious war-
Tiore,—the heads of the slain, the prisoners, the cattle, the sheep},
the furniture, and the vessels of metal.
- The next reflection arising from an examination of the Assyrian
reconis relates to the political condition and constitution of the
empire, which appear to have been of a very peculiar nature.
Phe king, we may infer, cxercised but little direct authority be-
yond the immediate districts around Nineveh. The Assyrian
dominions, as far as we can yet learn from the inseriptions, did not
extend much further than the central provinces of Asia Minor and
Armenia to the north, not reaching to the Black Sea, though pro-
bably to tho Caspian. To the cast they included the western
provinees of Persia; to the south, Susiana, Babylonia, and the
northern part of Arabia. To the west the Assyrians may have
penetrated into Lycia, and perhaps Lydia; and Syria was con-

* 2 Kings, xx. 19.

f 2 Kings, xxv. 19,

$ Driving away the cattle and sheep of a conquered people, and accounting
them amongst. the principal spoil, hus ever been the oustom of Eastern nations
who have not altogether renounced a nomadic lift, and whose chief wealth conse-
quently consisted in these animals. When Asa defeated the Ethiopians, “he
carried away sheep and camels in abundance, and returned to Jerusalem,”
(2 Chron. xiv. 15.)

PEE

if: sibeleiegd: 2827 p2idas tip a
z : aE 22 Bite

a qe
=

from the river unto the land
$1 Chron. v. 6. and 26,

over the

—y

XXvVI] THE ASSYRIAN GODS, 637

‘Of the information as to the religious system of the Assyrians
'may be derived from the inscriptions, I am still unwilling to

in the present state of our knowledge of theircontents. Itis
probable that the large collection of clay tablets now in the
Muscum may hereafter furnish us with important matter
ipihtis scbjoct: but a far more intimate acquaintance
with the character than we yet possess is required before the
translation of such documents can be fully relied on. AIL we
tan now venture to infer is, that the Assyrians worshipped one
tapreme God, as the great national deity under whose immediato
and special protection they lived, and their empire existed.* The
name of this god appears to have been Asshurt, as nearly as can
be determined, at present, from the inscriptions, It was identified
with that of the empire itself, always called “the country of
Awhur;" it entered into those of both kings and private persons,
and was also applied to particular citi, With Asshur, but ap-
far inferior to him in the celestial hierarchy, although
‘called the great gods, were associated twelve other deities, whose
names T have given in table No.3. Some of them may possibly be
identified with the divinities of the Greck Pantheon, although it
is searcely wise to hazard conjectures which must ere long be again
abandoned. These twelve gods may also have presided over the
twelve months of the year, and the vast number of still inferior gods,
in one inscription, I believe, stated to be no less than 4000, over the
days of the year, various phenomena and productions of nature,
and the celestial bodies. It is difficult to understand such a sys-
tem of polytheism, unless we suppose that whilst there was but one
ee god, represented sometimes under a triune form, all the so-
called inferior gods were originally mere names for events and
outward things, or symbols and myths. Although at one time

* Different nations appear to have bad different names for their supreme
Sh 3 thus Bat tbe Batons called Nebo.
pais that Col. Rawlinson has given up the Sressinin of this
nana » upon which he first insisted, (Outlines of jan History,
ii.) Hence one of his arguments against its identification with the Biblical
Reece wo Wooger cxlens ists. I may here observe that I am still inclined to
believe thst the name was applied to the eagle-headed figure of the seulp-

tures. It is possible that Sennacherib may have been slain in the temple of
Asshur, and [a8 pp eens Lipet be ot the commonest of the ae
yes mrss may have believed it to be the peculiar god of the

to which they consequently gave aname denoting an engle, The fact of its
‘occurring on the door-posts with Dagon and other undoubted representations
of deities, proves that it must be ranked amongst them, whilst they may all
originally have been, as I have pointed out in the text, mere myths or symbols,

short a distance of each other,
fevers ity aectieieaed Seoerah le

determinative sign * signifies a country, hill,
Hincks' Mem, on the i

Fe Re kh eva le ed Saal

relma

THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON.

ly small, the largest being only seven cubits

for without, im éhe wail of the house, he made numerous rests
about, that ¢he Beams should not be fastened in the walls of
i ” The words in italics are inserted in our version to
make good tho sense, and may consequently not convey the exact
meaning, which may be, that these chambers were thus narrow
that the beams might be supported without the use of pillars, «
‘peaton already suggested for the narrowness of the greater number
of chambers in the Assyrian palaces. These smaller rooms ap-
pear to have been built round a large central chamber, called
the oracle, the whole arrangement thus corresponding with the
halls and eurrounding rooms at Nimroud, Khorsabad, and Kou-
Fuajik. The oracle itself was twenty cubits square, smaller
far in dimensions than the Nineveh halls; but it was twenty
eubita Aigh—on important fact, illustrative of Assyrian archi-
tecture, for as the building was thirty cubite in height, the
ormele must not only have been much loftier than the adjoining
chambers, but must have had an upper structure of ten cubits.*
Within it were the two cherubim of olive wood ten cubits high,
with wings cach five cubits long, “ and he carved all the house
around with carved figures of cherubim and palm trees, and open
flowers, within and without.” The cherubim have been deseribed
by Biblical commentators as mythic figures, uniting the human
head with the body of a lion, or an ox, and the wings of an
eagle.t If for the palm trees we substitute the sacred tree of the
Nineveh sculptures, and for the open flowers the Assyrian tulip-
ornament —objecta most probably very nearly resembling

each other —we find that the oracle of the temple was almost
identical, in general form and in its ornaments, with some of the
chambers of Nimroud and Khorzabad. In the Assyrian halls,
too, the winged human-headed bulls were on the side of the
wall, and their wings, like those of the cherubim, ‘touched one
another in the midst of the house."$ The dimensions of these
figures were in some cases nearly the same, namely, fifteen feet

* Mr. Fergusson bas soln ps Rem Sa estes Sonos aa
ii fhe epi bing ‘had two stories, (Lhe Palaces of

p- 222.)
; See Calmet’s Dictionary of the Bible.
See Frontapiee to Ferguson's Palaces of Nineveh restored.
x2

XXVE} PALACE OF SENNACHERM, 645

order to understand the proposed restoration of the palace
from the existing remains, the reader must refer to
Tt will be perceived that the

To the west, therefore, it immodiatcly overlooked the
; and on that side was one of ita principal fagades. Tho
mmusthaye ‘risen oa the very edge of the platform, the foot

e water's edge, and there might have been
to the basement wall as at Persepolis. Al-
of there having been a grand entrance to

is side, it is highly that some euch ap-
existed, no remains whatever of it have been dis-
‘The western facade, like the eastern, was formed by
of human-headed bulle, and numerous colossal figures},

distinct gateways.

of Sennacherib still stand. In the frontispiece I have been able,
by the assistance of Mr. Fergusson, to give restoration of this
tmagnificent facade and entrance. Inclined ways, or broad flights
‘of steps, appear to have led up to it from the foot of the platform,

inthe palace ; that on the western face, as appears from the ruins,
only opened into a set of eight rooms.

The chambers hitherto explored appear to have been grouped
round three great halls marked Nos. VI., XIX., and LXIV. on the
Plan. It must be borne in mind, however, that the palace extended

in that part
north of No. VL. there were also remains of buildings, Only
& part of the palace has been hitherto excavated, and we are not

in possession of a perfect ground-plan of it.
* See Plan L + Seo Frontispiece to this volume,

Cuar. XXVE) * USK OF PILLARS, 649,

into it, whilst the inner chambers, having no windows at.all, have
no more light than that which reaches them through the door.
Sometimes these side chambers open into a centre court, as I have
suggested may have been the case in the Nineveh palaces, thena

projecting roof of woodwork protects the carved and painted walls
from injury by the weather. Curtains and awnings were algo sus-
pended above the windows and entrances, to ward off the rays of
the sun. Theaccompanying wood-cut of the great Iwan or throne-
room of a royal palace at Teheran, taken from Mr. Fergusson's
work, will show the arrangement of these central halls and. courts,

Tinrswe coors, Tob ea,

Although no remains or even traces of pillars have hitherto
been discovered in the Assyrian ruins, I now think it highly
probable, as suggested by Mr. Fergusson, that they were used
to support the roof. The sketch of a modern Yezidi house
in the Sinjar, given in a previous part of this volume*, is a good
illustration not only of thie mode of supporting the eciling, but
of the manner in which light may have been admitted into the
side chambers. It is curious, however, that no stone pedestals,
upon which wooden columns may have rested, have been found
in the ruins, nor ure there marks of them on the pavement. I

t 2nd series of the Monuments of Nineveh,

—y

PALACES AT NEMROUD. 653

of the basement of the tower at Nimrovd.
in character, are placed on the steps con-
themselves are restored. The design upon
on slabs at the entrances at Kouyunjik.
carried on at Nimrond during the last expe~
me to restore, to # certain extent, the several
and to obtain some idea of their original
endeayoured, with the able assistance of Mr.
rvey in a colored frontispiece to the Second Series
‘on the Monuments of Nineveh, the general
jificent edifices when they still rose on their
and were reflected in the broad stream of the
refer the reader who desires to follow me in the
ion to the accompanying general plan of the
at Nimrond.*
platform, built of regular layers of sundried
parts, and entirely of rubbish in others, but cased
eolid stone masonry, stood at one time at least
buildings. Between each was a terrace, payed with
large kiln-burnt bricks, from one and a half to two
| At the north-western corner rose the great tower,
the founder of the principal palace. T have described
{, encased with massive masonry of stone, relieved by
{other architectaral ornaments, The upper part built
(@ most probably painted, like the palaces of Babylon,
| and mythic emblems. Its summit, I conjecture, to
ed of several receding gradines like the top of the black
Lhave ventured to crown it with an altar on which
irnt the eternal fire. Adjoining this tower were, as we
¥o small temples, dedicated to Assyrian gods, One ac-
edon it, although there was no communication what~
as I could discover, between the interior of the two
the other was about 100 fect to the east. They were
with sculptures, and had evidently been more than
high, and their beams and ceilings were of cedar
ee
1 of the king their founder, els,
Between them was a way up to plain Gn ha

the small temples and the north-west palace were two

* Plan UT.

g8i

u
i

as
H

3
S

ih
anys

‘

ly a straight

each other, and in

iden of the ‘mamparts forming the inclosure round
-yunjik, ‘The upper lithograph represents the northern line of wall.

(d) was alao protected by a dyke and the Tigris. The side
most neceasible to an enemy was that to the east (c), and it
was accordingly fortified with extraordinary eare and strength.
The small river Khauser flows nearly in a direct line from the
hills to the north-eastern corner of the inclosure, makes a
sweep to the south (ate) before reaching it, and after running
for some distance beneath a perpendicular bank formed by con~
glomerate hills (7) parallel to the walls, but about three quarters
of a mile from them, again turns to the westward (at jf) and
enters the inclosure almost in the centre. It then traverses
this quarter of the city, winds round the base of Kouyunjik,
and falls into the Tigris. Nearly one half of the eastern wall
was, consequently, provided with natural defences. ‘The Khauver
served as a ditch; and the conglomerate ridge, slightly increased
hy artificial means, as a strong line of fortification. The remains
of one or more ramparts of earth are still to be traced between the
stream and the inner wall, but they could not have been of very
considerable size, The north-eastern extremity of these outer
defences appears to have joined the ditch which was carried along
the northern face of the inclosure, thus completing the fortification
in this part.

Below, or to the south of, the entry of the Khauser into the
inclosure, the inner wall was defended by a complete system of
outworks, In the first place a deep ditch, about one hundred and
fifty feet wide, was cut immediately beneath it, and was divided for
half its length into two separate parts, between which was a
rampart. A parallel wall (4) was then carried from the banks
of the Khauser to the dyke on the southern side of the inclo~
sure. A second ditch, about one hundred and eight feet wide,
and of considerable depth, probably supplied by the Khauser,
extended from the point at which that stream turns to the west-
ward, as far as the southern line of defences. A third wall (#),
the remains of which are above one hundred feet high on the
inner face, abutted to the north on the ridge of conglomerate
hills (g), and completed the outer defences. A few mounds
rising in the level country beyond, the principal of which, near
the southern extremity of the lines, is called Tel-ez-zembil (the
Mound of the Basket), appear to have been fortifled outposts;
probably detached towers, such as are represented in the bas-reliefis
of Kouyunjik.*

* Seo 2nd series of Monuments of Nineveh, Plate 43.

vu?

eth aay woe meson EATEN

aha
‘CONCLUSION. es

r conclude than by showing the spirit in which Eastern
Be Neednn eeiguaios Smtecian evidences

d characteristic
excites in the mind of a good Mohammedan, that I here
a literal translation of its contents. It was written to a
of mine by a Turkish Cadi, in reply to nome inquiries as
commerce, ion, and f antiquity of an
ient city, in which dwelt the head of the law. These are its
words :—
“ My illustrious Friend, and Joy of my Liver!
’ “The thing you ask of me is both difficult and useless. Although I

to penetrate into the mysteries of his creation? Shall we say,
hold i round that star, and this other star with a tail

ste

i
i
E

“Oh, my friend! If thou wilt be happy, say, There is no God but
wud

J YEZIDI MUSIC. 667

Several species or varieties of oak, to some one of which the three last
i acorns may possibly belong; but no
means exist of determining to which, if
toany. Fresh supplies of the Armenian
acorns packed in dry clay, when perfectly
ripe, and dried specimens of the branches
with leaves and acorns on them, are
therefore much to be desired, eapecially
since there is reason to believe that nll
the species will prove to be hardy orna-
mental trees,”

APPENDIX IL
Vezidi Music,
CHAUNT OF THE YEZIDI PRIESTS.

. 3
i ==

sONG.
(CRLEBRATING THE MARTYRDOM OF SOME YRZIDIS BY THE TURKS.
Andante,

E
i
:
ae

i
Hitt
elt
pu
TE
8 Es
srilaie
ihe
reel
Tigiies!

il
i

various purposes for which it was designed. This axieany abel
although in some of Mr. Layard’s specimens corrosion has proceeded to

‘Aprexvrz.] NOTES ON ASSYRIAN GLASS, 675 |

“we have seen specimens in which the disintegration of the same

_ where the presence of ammonia hastens produces
its surface all the beautiful colors of the bubble.
“Tt is, however, from among the ruins of ancient ‘that,

m body that ceases to exist with so much grace and beauty, when
‘it surrenders itself to time and not to disease. In damp localities, whore

exceeding thinness, Film after film is formed in a similar manner till
perhaps twenty or thirty are crowded into the tenth of an inch. They
now resemble the section of a pearl or of an onion; and, as the films are
‘still glass, we see brilliant colors of thin plates when we look down
through their edges, which form the surface of the glass. These thin
edges, however, being exposed to the elements, decompose. The par=
ticles of silex and the other ingredients now readily separate, and the
decomposition goes on downwards in films parallel to the surface of the
glass, the crystals of silex forming a white ring, and the other ingre-
dients rings of a different tint. As the particles previously combined
have now separated, the hemispherical cup occupies a larger space, and
ises above the general level of the glassy surface,

“Such is the process of decomposition round one point; but it com-
‘mences at many points, and generally those points lay in straight lines,
yo that the circles of decomposition meet one another and form sinuous
lines. When there are only two points, the circles, when they meet,
surround the two points, like the rings round two knots of wood, so that
when there are many points, and these points near each other, the curves:
‘of decomposition must unite, as already mentioned, and form sinuous
Jines, When the decomposition is uniform, and the little hemispheres
Ihave nearly the same depth, we can separate the upper film from the
‘one below it, the convexitics of the one falling into the concavities of
the other.

* When the decomposition has gone regu! on round a single point,
and there is no other change than a division of the glass into a number
of | ‘ical films, like n number of watch glasses within one an-
other, the group of films exhibits in the polarising microscope, a beautiful

L £

Lx J SISEVEM AD BABYLON.

(Arras,
Seem af polarised ght wich a Mack cross, The of the beni-

Sieh agae's gat har ben been aepaarned clidrialy, aa wes
‘Xe wtrecewe, 2 passing ebliyecty through the hemispherical cop.
Wree a ieg ¢ wane, skvbol of ail is applied to this or any other
‘sqrecemce, sae fusi caeers between the films, and the polarised light and
ere redbi wot semeienele

‘= De snit wane ane deeumposicioa of glass goes on very rapidly, a1 is
‘qeewed Ye zee seame ut tine Qusthes browght up from the wreck of the
Ware Gevoge. ami ML Breeme of Paris, having seen a notice of the
denvenqewet gave chem Simrveh, saccerded in producing upon glass, ins
weer savct sia. ceqeiar amd irverelar circles of decomposition, in the
qeetre x wired sieve was always a small cavity, or « small nucleus,
(Cea aint wa: Seamed Se ziuaging fragments of thick glass into a
worere af Dere at coinem: anal concentrated onlparie eclf, ar: by.
qxgraing coven 2? ste capwer vt Dearhydric actd.*

SS See Renpees Sender dae Sounmen de C Acwbimie des Sciences, Nov. 2, 1852,
end Segue af Foe. asec, wa. xe BEY

» Sees eermicneemeenniog, 52 Ferkaa, 200 of Sofak, 331.

Ferry-boat at Mosul, 363.
Fisb-god. See Dazoa.
Foatstool of bronze discovered, 199,

qaileys represented - in bas-relich, 22
Ea

‘pace of Eastern cities, 57. Of Niere!
230 Of palace. 652. None discover,
a= Numroad, 656.

‘ese name of in inscriptions, 144.

‘Foie. Lawking the, 481.

‘Samar. diseriet of 379.

‘Shesir river. the. 174. 366,

Fiera. district of 373. Chief of, 375.
Pherzra, mound of, excavated, 477.

Faas bowls 196. Vase of Sargoo, If
From Babel, 503. From Kouyuaj

$7. Amalysis of, 672. 674

eid ‘mind im broaze, 196. Brought
Babvice. 557. Mask of, 592. L
wer dyures in temples, 651.

Sama aver. 307.

aa art. resemblance to Assyrian, 4
emacs at Kouyunjik, 592, 593.

evi, Persian, 48.

“asc. acme cé in inscription, 356,

Feu Sascis ‘ake. 19.

Sai. + ae of 10

Sawe-su, Vee. conjecture as to sundia

Aan 438. mote,

Tamsee Asyrian bas-reliefs at, 968.

=F caravan to Mecca, 540.
Neves sunguered by Sennachi

‘ouyunjik, 4

ceyrmsented in has-reliefs, 454,
Serisis Kunis, 421,

Haroun. mound of, 548.

Hatem Tai, anecdote of, 172. note.

Hawking, 265. 270. 299. Falcons, how
bought, $32. 480. Training, 481.

Hazael, king of Syria, mentioned in inserip-
tions, 614.

Hebar. See Khabour

‘iron characters on bowls trom Babylon,

Hares on the commerce of the Babylo-
niians, 596 note.

Hercules, the Assyrian, 136. 214. 595.
598. 605.

Herki, tribe of, 220, 372, 378.

‘Hermes, river, mentioned in inscriptions,
354."

Hezekiah, ‘name of, in inscriptions, 143.
‘Wars of Sennacherib with, 144.

Hillah, arrival at, 484, Governor of, 486,
427. Built of Babylonian “bricks

Hincks, the Rev. Dr., translations of in-
scriptions, 117, 140. 212. 353, Dis-
covery of name of Sennacherib, 139.
OF Nebuchadnezzar, 139, note. Of
syllabarium, $45. "Discoveries, 612.
On Wan inscriptions, $97, 398. 401.
‘Translation of inscription of Nebuchad-
nezzar, 529.

Hindiych canal and marshes, 478, 479.
493.

Hittites, the, name of Syrians, 142, Tri-
bute of, 354. Name of, on Egyptian
monuments, 635.

Hooks, bronze, discovered, 177.
of, Appendix 3.

Horses, trappings of, 178, Pedigrees of
Bedouin, 220. Bedouin, 259. Turkish,
320, Arab breeds, $26. Represented
in bas-reliefs, $40. 450. Clothed in
armour, 450.

Howar, Sheikh of the Tai, 170. 219.

‘Hymer, the ruins of, 542.

Analysis

LJ.

Jays, tribe of, 297.

‘Ton Reshid, Sheikh of, Nedjd, 540.

Idole of ‘Assyrians carried away, 213.
‘Taken by Aveyrians, 328, 586.

Jehesh, tribe of, 241.

Jehu, name of, on obelisk, 613.

Jelu, mountains of, 379. 423. 429. Valley
of, 430. Ancient church in, 439, Bishop
of, 434.

Jerraiyah, mound of, 94.

Jews represented in bas-reliefs, 152. 456.
Dress of, 153. and note, 455. Capti
on the Heber, 283. 440, Familics in

973. Nomades, 333. On
tiers, $86. Pilgrimage to

i
Jets and charms, ‘519, note. Their
history after the captivity, 523. An
cient political state of, compared with
Assyria, 634, 636.

Midi, & country age by Sennacherib,
141.

Jnpalew

nc a dior 4p and Kouyunjik, 639.
res

India, overland road to, 469,
course of Babylonians with, 537.
of, brought to Babylon, 587. Political
state of compared with Assyria, 637.

Tnlaying, art of, known to Assyrians, 196.

Inscriptions deciphered, 117. Progress
made in, 612.

Jones, Capt., recovers stranded lion, 205.
‘Surveys Mesopotamia, 473. note. Con-
duct towards Arabs, 566. Survey of
Kouyunjik, 657.

Tonic ornament in Assyria, 119. 444, 648,
and note.

Jonah, tomb of, 596. Excavations in
mound of, 597. His preaching, 634,

Jovian, retreat of, 470.

Irom, bronze cast over, 191.
covered in, 194, 957. 596.

Ishpuinish, name of king at Wan, 393.
401.

Judi mountain, ark rested on, 621. Tablet
at foot of,

Julamerit, town of, 426

Jumjuma, See Aroran.

Toory, objects in, discovereo, 194. 358. $62.

Izzet Pasha, 382.

Toter-

Objects dis

ite of battle, 471.

Kalah- Sherghat, excavations at, 581.

Kamana, mountain of, mentioned in in-
scriptions, 356,

Kara-chok, bills of, 299.

Karagol, village of, 17.

Kar- Duniyas, a city of Chaldia, 140, 212,
355.

Karboul Sheikh, 548.

Karnaineh Khan, 579

Karnessa-on- Daolch mountain, 422.

Kasr, the, of Rich, 505. See Mujelibs.

Kathimain, tombs of, 472. 576.

Kazail, Atab tribe of, 500, 542,

Kembal, Captain, 474.

Keshaf, mound of, 219.

Keswak, village of, 34.

Khabour river, 56. 61. Journey to, 235.
Arrival at, 269. Discoveries on, 275.

Ment 4.

Sur. ces same S

eee RE SR
NT

ae ans a S> .
emma, & palen & Srey ct

ete, Mr. discoveries at Nifer sol
Warka S01 545. 550. 562.
Iasi. same of hing ot Wan, 401.

Hiruma. 2 pad af the Babyloaians, 590.
Merwe cepremnted in bas-relief, 418.
OF se Hicdiyah, 500, Of

2. Of Southern Meso-

5
ee, wear 2f caravan from, 540.

came Fal". SR
Ubcior—omen Sea mentioned in inscrip-

Trem, Paeita af Wan, 389,

fear~ Sapvux. Sxer:ption of, 393.

Sees Tame of Yexsin, 47.

Yemumm creivery of name, 617.

Wermea Jumma. his name in inscrip-
Tay oa. Lak 212, War against, re
wrmcunt x pesrelief, 443. War
wcume aocriet by Eusebius, 620,

Wre Se Enucee

V-woes, cilmpe af #21.

dtewenes. Stans Som, $53. Ancient

retary of Aerts 131. 192,

Wins. 4 Feorum chael 205.

Winecoa mame af bing at Was, 400,
“a

Wi Samia £20 528

Aimee erm, HE

Ninea mame af Armrmina hing, 592
a

INDEX.

Mirage, remarkable effect of, 572.

‘Mirkaa, village of, 250.

Mirza Agha, a Yesidi chief, 45

‘Moghamis, Sheikh, 35

Mohammed Emin, Sheikh, 235. 974.
tents, 269, 284. 332.

“Mobhamour, rains of, 221.

Monoliths at Nimroud, 352, 359.

Montefik Arabs, 549,

‘Moses of Chorene, description of Wan,
391.

Morel, arrival at, 59.

‘Motasseg Billah, palace f,at Samarrab, 471.

‘Moulds for earrings discovered, 595. 597.

‘Mound, building represented, 110.

Mousa Bey, » Kurdish chief, $75.

‘Mosoene. See Mukus.

Mnjelibé, mound of, 484, Discoveries in,

. $05, 508, Painted walls and basalt
lian, 507. Tree on, 507.

‘Mukus, pass into, 415." Dintrict of, 417.

‘Mule ridden in battle, 446, By kings,
449.

Museef, or guest-tent, 568.

Music, instruments of, represented in bas-
reliefs, 454, 455.

Mussciyib, village of, 479.

His

Nabatheans, conquered ,by Sennacherib,
141,
Nadir-Shak, his encampment at Kou-

bute of, $58, 395. Name of, in

inscriptions of Wan, 403. See Meso-
potamia.

Nahr-el-Kelb, tablets of Sennscherib at,
210.

Nahum, tomb of, 596, note.

‘Names, Assyrian royal, 147,

‘Namet’ Ayha, chief of Zibari, 370.

Namo, a Jacobite chief, 43.

Narek, village and church of, 415.

‘Nasr, Sheikh, 82.

Navkur, plain of, 967.

Nazi, a Yeridi chief, 44,

Nebbi Yunus. See Jonah,

Nebuchadnezzar, name of, 199. note, His

~ golden image at Dura, 471. Bricks
and stones bearing his name, 496, 502
504, 506. Rebuilt Babylon, 500. 532,
Toblet of, 529.

Nedjd, road to, 335. Present state of, 540.

Neel, Shat-el, a great cansl, 547. 550. 551.

Nees, a fabulous animal, ee:

Negoub, tab! tunnel of, 616.

Nergal, an idol, 538.

683

Nerib, a city taken by Assyrians, 353,

Nestorian villages near Akra, 368. 570.
Families in Gherdi, 374.’ Bishop. of
Shemisden, 377. Districts, 421. Pa-
triareh, 494, Turkish ion, 496,
435. A bishop, 433. Achureh, ib.

Newbold, Captain, 100. note,

Niebuhr, remarks on Greek art, 460.

Nimroud, return to, 97. Discoveries at,
123, “Flood at, $47. Small temples at,
348. 359, Account of building of
north-west palace in inscriptions, 355.
Small objects from, 958. Restoration
of platform, 653.

Niffer, first view of, 550. Description of,
551. Excavations st, 556, Coffins
discovered, 557.

Night monsters, Jewish belief in, 513.
and note.

Nimroud Dagh mountains, 33.

‘Nineveh, Roman coins of, 591. Its founder,
according to Rawlinson, 614, Name of,
on Egyptian monuments, 615. 632
note. Extent of, 640.643. Described
by old English travellers, 660.

Ninos, castle of, on site of Nineveb, 590.

Nisroch, the eagle-headed god, 639, note.

‘Noah, a temple to, 599.

Noxrdeoz, district of, 420.

Vur Ullah Bey, murderer of Schulz, 381.
383,

Nuvaki, ancient name of Susiana or Elam,

146, 953, 452.

oO.

Oaks, of Kurdistan, $7. 665.

Oannes, See Dagon.

Obelisk, from Nimroud, by whom raised,
613. Name of Jehu on, ib.

Omri, name of, in inscriptions, 613.

Ocroomiyah, American schools at, 407.

Opis, site of, 472.

‘Ormuzd, form of, 608.

Orontes, river mentioned in inscriptions,
355.

Oszofa, village of, 254.

Oras, river, supposed to be mentioned in
inseriptions, 618.

Ozair, Agha, 245.

Padan- Aram, mentioned on Egyptian mo-
numents, 633.

Puhlow, cuneiform inscription at, $94,
note, 403. note,

Palace, at Nimroud built, 954. Of Ne-
buchadnessar, 530, Assyrian mode of

“Tripod, stands of bronte, 178.

‘Trmwpet speaking in bas-reliofs, 107, Xonoph

Tigi aig ot Assyrian ornament, rer
ip

s Dest,
Turks, of, 171, 469,
475. 565. ry a
Turtle, a, takeo in the Khabour, 295.
Dushy, chophants, dircovered at Nimroud,
‘mariners of, employed by Seuma~| Yorubin
‘herb, 146. Name of| in nseriptions, | ety
856. Yavan,
of, en
Yodi Ki
Uv. inveri
Yaruf 4
Vorzahan, ruins at. 7. tomb,
Fastan, village of, 412. Yezidix,
Font at Nimroud, 163. 45.

Vans, nad ou metallurgy of the] with,

ancients, 6 A bor
Fewua, the ier lanages of, 477. ad ,
te acing lye arora Visit
‘See Koukab, 205.
239,
Gontic

Ww.

Walt Dey, a Tureoman chief, 174. 225.
Walls alls represent, 491. Of Kouyunjik,

Wali, Hon, F., 362, 368.

Wan, fish ia Inke of 30. First view of,
22, 844, Jowish families taken thore
by Tigranes, 984. Arrival at, 387. | Zi

°Minacwh

Be IepEx.

Frm, eres wi EE + Weiglés, Assyrian, discovered at Nimreed,
= on.

At Fis
Terme vere $55 451 Bencn. Arsh, their dress, 262. Of te
Teer x Noor omeeret (27 Tams Milli tribe. S14. Singing, represatel

besreliefs. 455.

Kenepien, retreat of the Ten Thoussnd,

Sem,

Sra nr pial Faptiralish, comntry conquered by Seame-

ot 1 Ferea. the Greek islands, 142 Marine:

| _ of employed by Semacherib, 146.

| Fett Kassie, convent of, 408. (Cuneiform
‘inscriptions at, 410.

Yesuf Cewel, S. 40. 205. His fathers
tomb, 255.

Yectdis, state af, 3. Reception by, 40.
43. Bronze bird of, 47. A mecting
with. 58 Seered ceremonies of, 81
A book of the, 89. Their chants, 92,,
and Appendix 2. Customs of 92.
Visit from chief, 129. A marriage
205. Of the Sinjar, 250. Their bouses,
252, Their dress, 253. On Persian
froctiers, 386.

Zod river. 169. 174. 219.
‘Zaid. an Arab, 489.
Zrrga, plain of 241.
Zari Kurds, 3-0. Chiefs of, $71.
Zitdlivak, ruin of, 569.
Inscriptions at. 334. Zidbnha, king of Sidon, 143,
fem moauments of 401. . Zebeide. tomb of, 473. Tribe of, 484.
Lax reape of inserptions of 402. Rising: 542. exes

of the Lake. 45. Zanz, Dr. Essay on Jewish Literature
Warerai, ancien: nave of Armenis, 403. 523.

72. $B1. 427.

Loxpon:

Seorrswoonss and Smaw,
‘Ren saren Sayare.

> ply stn

ee Sean
\ an eee

L.Was

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*Minarvh

Khatouniyah ( > £

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